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MLSCI 250 > LECTURE - Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

LECTURE - Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

six major functions of the female repro system

A
  • production of female gametes = ova (oogenesis)
  • reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
  • provision of suitable environment for fertilization of ova by sperm
  • provision of an environment for the development of the fetus
  • nutrition of the newborn
  • expulsion of the developed fetus to the external environment
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2
Q

site of oogenesis

A

ovary

- also site of endocrine organs, producing hormones oestrogen and progesterone

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3
Q

genital tract fo females

A
  • pair of fallopian tubes, uterus (muscular organ), uterine cervix, and vagin
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4
Q

highly modified apocrine sweat glands

A

breasts

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5
Q

T or F. The ovaries ascend into theiradult position in the pelvis

A

F! descend

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6
Q

Where is the blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the ovaries derived from?

A

upper abdomen

- with the paired ovarian arteries arising from the abdominal aorta

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7
Q

venous drainage follows the course of the ______ system

A

arterial

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8
Q

T or F. ovarian and testicular tumors typically spread to para-aortic lymph nodes rather than to local lymph nodes in the pelvic or inguinal area

A

T!

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9
Q

describe the ovarian stroma

A
  • spindle-shaped cells (like fibroblasts)
  • fine collagen fibres
  • bundles of smooth muscles and grouns substance
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10
Q

ovarian cortex

A
  • peripheral zone of the stroma
  • numerous follicles that contain female gametes in various stages of development
  • post-ovulatory follicles of various kinds = corpora lutea = progesterone and estrogen
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11
Q

ovarian medulla

A
  • thin part on the inside
  • highly vascular
  • contains hilus cells (likke Leydig cells)
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12
Q

germinal epithelium

A

surface covering of ovary; continuation of peritoneum

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13
Q

innervation of ovary

A
  • by sympathetic fibres
  • supply blood vessels and also terminate on smooth muscle cells in stroma around follicles = playing prt in follicular maturation and ovulation?
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14
Q

follicular development

A
  • oogonia -> ovarian cortex -> divide by mitosis
  • 4/5 months = some oogonia enlarge to mature gamete = 1ry oocytes = first stage of meiotic division
  • 7th month = single layer of flattened follicular cells surround primary oocytes = primordial follicles

NO FURTHER DEVELOPMENT UNTIL PUBERTY

20 primordial follicles activated to begin maturation process each ovarian cycle

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15
Q

follicular maturation involves changes in the ______, the ___________ cells, and in the surrounding stromal tissue

A

oocyte
follicular cells
surrounding stromal tissue

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16
Q

follicular maturation is stimulated by

A

FSH

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17
Q

fetal ovary

A
  • packed with primordial follicles

- ova are arrested in first meiotic division and remain so until the onset of puberty

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18
Q

primordial follicle

A

composed of primary oocyte surrounded bu single layer of flattened follicular cells

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19
Q

primary follicle

A
  • oocyte has greatly enlarged

- follicular cells have multiplied by mitosis = cuboidal = granulosa cells

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20
Q

zona pellucida

A

thick homogeneous layer of glycoprotein and acid proteoglycans develops between oocyte and follicular cells

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21
Q

theca folliculi

A

surrounding stromal cells begin to form an organized layer around the follicle, separated from the granulosa cells by a BM

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22
Q

zona granulosa

A

primary follicle continues to enlarge and the granulosa cells continue to proliferate

23
Q

secondary follicle

A
  • develops after primary follicles
  • oocyte almost to its full size
  • becomes situated eccentrically in a thickened area of granulosa called the cumulus oophorus
  • periphery of follicle = theca folliculi has developed two layers = theca interna = steroid secreting cells (several layers of rounded cells); plus less defined theca externa
24
Q

theca folliculi two layers

A

theca interna = steroid secreting cells

theca externa = less defined

25
Q

Graafian follicle

A
  • after 2ry follicle, further growth of the oocyte ceases and the first meiotic division is completed just before ovulation; oocyte is now secondary oocyte = second meiotic division
  • follicular antrum enlarges a lot and zona granulosa forms a layer with even thickness around periphery of follicle
  • cumulus oophorus diminishes; oocyte surrounded by a layer several cells thick = corona radiata
26
Q

at time of ovulation, what happens to graafian follicle?

A
  • bridges between oocyte and ZG breaks = bulges under the ovarian surface; overlying surface epithelial cells are flattened and atrophic
  • secondary oocyte is free in the peritoneal cavity near entrance of FT, surrounded by zona pellucida and CR
  • second meiotic division of oocyte is not completed until after penetration of the ovum by a spermatozoon
27
Q

corpus luteum of menstruation

A
  • after ovulation = ruptured follicle collapses and fills with blood clot to form the corpus luteum of menstruation = endocrine gland for a brief time
  • LH influences granulosa ells to increase in size and secrete progesterone ; rising progesterone levels inhibit LH production
28
Q

corpus luteum of menstruation - theca interna

A

also increase somewhat in size; secrete estrogen

29
Q

what happens to corpus luteum without LH stimulus?

A

it cannot be maintained
so 12-14 days after ovulation, it regresses and forms a functionless corpus albicans
without estrogen + progesterone uterine collapses resulting in menstruation

30
Q

corpus luteum of pregnancy

A
  • after implantation = human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by placenta
  • hCG like LH and maintains function of corpus luteum in secreting estrogen and progesterone until about the 9th week of pregnancy (then placenta takes over; then corpus albicans forms)
  • corpus luteum is greatly enlarged and by now occupies most of the ovary
31
Q

ovarian cysts

A

most common are

  • follicular cysts = due to enlargement of normal follicles
  • corpus luteum cysts = expansion of corpus luteum
32
Q

neoplasms = ovarian cysts

A
  • epithelial cysts such as serous cystadenoma (benign)
  • serous cystadenocarcinoma (malignant)
  • in-between = borderline serous tumour
33
Q

what is the corpus albicans?

A

degenerated corpus luteum

  • inactive fibrous tissue
  • dominant feature, increasing in number with age and often appearing to occupy almost the whole ovarian stroma
  • most regress completely leaving no trace
34
Q

gonorrheal infections affect fallopian tubes like this

A

non-ciliated cells are affected first then it spreads

35
Q

finger-like projections of fallopian tubes

A

fimbriae

36
Q

proliferative stage of endometrial changes during menstrual cycle

A
  • rapid growth of stroma and glands that arise fro the basalis portion of endometrium
  • straight tubular glands lined b y pseudostratified columnar cells
  • mitotic figures are numerous = no evidence of mucus secretion or vacuolation
  • stroma = spindle cells with scant cytoplasm that are actively proliferating
  • estrogen
37
Q

early secretory stage of endometrial changes during menstrual cycle

A
  • glands and stroma start to differentiate while growth ceases
  • secretory vacuoles that start subnuclear and moves to apical surface by third week of menstrual cycle ; by fourth week = glands are tortious and sawtooth-like
  • edematous stroma due to progesterone effect ; increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia
  • predecidual changes in stroma accompanied by sparse infiltrate of neuts and lymphs = normal
  • endometrial glands consistent with day 2 post-ovulation
38
Q

late secretory stage of endometrial changes during menstrual cycle

A

intraluminal secretions within large glands

39
Q

menstrual stage of endometrial changes during menstrual cycle

A
  • low progesterone, low estrogen
  • with the dissolution of corpus luteum and subsequent drop in progesterone levels = functionalis degenerates and bleeding into stroma occurs = followed by stromal breakdown and onset of maturation
40
Q

most common tumor in women

A

Leiomyoma

  • whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles on cut section
  • may occur singly, but more often are multiples
  • can occur within the myometrium (intra-mural), just beneath the endometrium (sub-mucosal) or beneath the serosa (sub-serosal)
41
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A
  • malignant version of leiomyoma

- lots of mitotic figures

42
Q

early placenta

A
  • cytotrophoblast
  • syncytiotrophoblast
  • intermediate trophoblast
  • primitive mesenchyme
  • fetal erythrocyte
43
Q

term placenta

A
  • large villus blood vessel
  • basement membrane fused
  • fetal capillary
  • syncytial knot
  • lacunae
44
Q

the decidua beneath developing embryo is known as the

A

decidua basalis (future placenta)

45
Q

the decidua overlying the embryo is known as the

A

decidua capsularis

46
Q

decidual lining the rest of the uterus is called the

A

decidua parietalis

47
Q

superficial chorion in contact with the ______ _______ atrophies to become the smooth chorion laeve

A

decidua capilaris

48
Q

umbilical cord

A
  • 2 arteries, one vein (oxygenated)

- Wharton’s jelly (mesenchyme)

49
Q

T or F. breast of both sexes follow a similar course of development

A

T! until puberty = female breasts develop under the influence of pituitary, ovarian, and other hormones

50
Q

female breasts

A
  • until menopause, breasts undergo cyclical changes in activity which i controlled by the hormones of the ovarian cycle
  • after menopause, breasts undergo progressive atrophy and involutional changes
51
Q

structure of breast

A
  • each = 15-25 independent lobes
  • each consisting of a compound tubulo-acinar gland
  • immediately before opening onto the surface, the duct forms a dilatation called lactiferous sinus
  • lobes embedded in a mass of adipose tissue, subdivided by collagenous septa
  • nipples contain bands of smooth muscle parallel to lactiferous ducts; contraction = erection of nipples
  • within each lobe, the main duct branches to form a number of terminal ducts = each leads to a lobule consisting of multiple acini
  • skin surrounding the nipple, the areola, pigmented with sebaceous glands NOT hair follicle
52
Q

breast proliferation is dependent on …

A

prolactin, human chorionic somatomammotropin (prolactin-like; produced by placenta), thyroxine and corticosteroids

53
Q

what happens to breast after parturition

A

levels of circulating progesterone and estrogens, which inhibit milk secretion, fall precipitously ; prolactin stimulates milk production

MLSCI 250 (35 decks)

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