Lecture flashcards
hydroxapatite
inorganic material that makes up the matrix of bones; what gives the bone hardness and stiffness
organic component of the matric
collagen, allows for pliability and flexability, do not want the bone to be too heavy
anisotropic tissue
physical properties can vary depending on region and direction of applied forces or stress; bone tissue
long bones
greater in length than diameter, located in appendages, primary and seconardy center of ossification
secondary center of ossification
cartilaginous growth plates between ossified segments, occur after birth occurs in long bones
medullary cavity
hollow space within the diaphysis where yellow and red bone marrow are stored
red bone marrow
in young animals, where blood is made
yellow bone marrow
in adult animals, where fat is stored
epiphysis
proximal and distal end regions of the bone
metaphysis
flared region of mature bone between te diaphysis and epiphysis
physis
located between the epiphysis and metaphysis in young animals, cartilage cells, secondary center of ossification
short bones
cube like- equal size ends, one center of ossification
sesamoid bones
special shorts bones, within tendons
purposes of sesamoid bones
eliminate tendon shear, redirects lines of force, increase torque
flat bones
present where extensive protection or large muscle attachment area is necessary, site of red bone marrow
cortical bone
hard dense bone
cancellous tissue
spongey tissue, holes
diploe
cancellous tissue enclosed by two thin layers of cortical bone
pneumatic bone
area of the skull the diploe is absorbed to form air sinuses
irregular bones
cannot be classified into any other category, short bones with multiple processes, body undergoes a different developmental process than the processes, growth plate present
periosteum
lines outer surface of bone, osteoblasts for healing fractures, rich in nerves and blood vessels
endosteum
lines inner surface of the bone
endochondrial ossification
long bones, mesenchymal cells become chondroblasts to make cartilage than becomes bone later
intramembranous ossification
flat bones, mesenchymal cells becomes osteoblasts
primary site for infection metastasis, fractures
growth plate
chondrodysplasia
cartilage maldevelopment, genetic mutations
achondroplasia
dwarfism, heritable disorder
chondrodystrophia
maldevelopment of cartilage due to poor nutrition
what cause abnormal growth
angular limb deformities
what causes stunted growth
chondrodysplasia, achondroplasia, chrondrodystrophia, growth plate trauma
angular limb deformities are an
uneven elongation of proximal and distal physes, or abnormal development of carpal/tarsal bones
what causes angular limb deformaties
heredities, growth plate injuries, stress, aging, or poor nutrition
carpal valgus
toes pointed outward (laterally); inward limb bowing
carpal varus
toes pointed inward (medially); outward bowing of limb
compressive force
push; forces parallel with long axis directed toward the center on the bone, gravity, body weight, strongest
tension force
pull; forces parallel with the long axis directed away from the center of the bone, muscle attachment, medium strength
shear force
perpendicular to the axis of the long bone, largest cause of fractures, very little strength
torsional force
rotation, twisting force or movement around the long axis
axial skeleton
bones of the axis of the body
appendicular skeleton
bones of the appendages
