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Anatomy FINAL > Lecture Final > Flashcards

Lecture Final Flashcards

1
Q
  1. There are _______ pairs spinal nerves and _______ pairs of cranial nerves
A

31, 12

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2
Q

Axons contain

A

Presynaptic Terminals that contain neurotransmitters. They are wrapped in myelin.

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3
Q

Most of nerve cells within CNS and afferent neurons are mostly

A

Afferent and Multipolar Neurons

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4
Q

Which of the reflexes is the basis for several tests used in neurological examination

A

The Stretch Reflex

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5
Q

The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic with more proteoglycans is the

A

Cornea

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6
Q

The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the

A

the fibrous tunic

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7
Q

The outermost tunic of the eyeball that helps maintain the shape of the eye

A

Sclera (Fibrous Tunic)

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8
Q

A neuron that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a _

A

sensory neurons

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9
Q

Epinephrine and dopamine are types of neurotransmitter known as

A

Monoamines or Biogenic amines

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10
Q

Is the retention of motor skills such as how you type on a keyboard and tie your shoes

A

Procedural Memory

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11
Q

The cranial nerves which regulate eyeball movement

A

The Abducens (VI) nerves

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12
Q

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitter are present in the

A

Axon terminal/presynaptic vesicles in the axon of the neuron

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13
Q

Which neuroglial wraps myelin sheath around an axon?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

Which of the following is (are) associated with retina?

A
  • inner nervous tissue: Sensory Retina (contains The Photoreceptor Neurons, The Bipolar Neurons and The Ganglion Neurons.)
  • outer, pigmented layer: Pigmented Retina.
  • The Dendrites of the photoreceptor neurons are called Rods and Cons
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15
Q

The cranial nerves that relay nerve impulses to thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

The Vagus (X) nerves

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16
Q

Which is not a neuroglial cell of the CNS?

A

Anything other than astrocyte, ependymal cell, microglia oligodendrocyte

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17
Q

The part of the ear that collects sound waves and directs them to the meatus is called

A

The external ear collects sound waves and direct them inward. It consists of the Auricle or Pina, the external Auditory canal (External Acoustic Meatus), and the Tympanic membrane.

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18
Q

What is ganglia made of?

A

Collection of cell bodies in PNS surrounded by Neuroglia

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19
Q

Neurons located in the retina of eye and the nasal cavity are

A

Bipolar Neurons

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20
Q

The patellar or the stretch reflex is a classic example of

A

Knee jerk reflex? The simplest reflex? Monosynaptic reflex arcs?

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21
Q

Which of the reflexes is the basis for several tests used in neurological examination

A

The Stretch Reflex

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22
Q

The lacrimal glands….

A

The gland produces tears, at a rate of 1 ml/day, which are used to wash away foreign objects, to moisten the surface of the eye and lubricate the eyelids.

Contains salt, some other stuff and Lysozyme

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23
Q

The most superficial meningeal layer is the

A

Dura matter

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24
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

The outermost cranial meninges. Fibrous and tough.

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25
Q

The raised ridges on the cerebral hemispheres called gyri are located in what part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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26
Q

The cranial nerves responsible for changes in pupil size and shape of lens

A

The Oculomotor (III) nerves

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27
Q

The nervous system

A

It is a major regulatory system that detects sensation and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions.
It consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors

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28
Q

The type of circuit, in which input from many different neurons is funneled into one or single postsynaptic neuron.

A

Converging Circuit

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29
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle

A

the abducens, the trochlear, and the oculomotor

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30
Q

There are _______ pairs spinal nerves and _______ pairs of cranial nerves

A

31, 12

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31
Q

The vascular tunic with large amount of pigment and numerous blood vessels is the

A

the Uvea (The Choroid, The Cillary Body and The Iris)

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32
Q

The cranial nerves which convey nerve impulses related to head and shoulder movements

A

The Accessory (XI) nerves

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33
Q

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

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34
Q

Which of the following is not a part of external ear?

A

Anything other than: The Auricle or Pina, the external Auditory canal (External Acoustic Meatus), and the Tympanic membrane, also called Eardrum.

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35
Q

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are

A

Bipolar neurons

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36
Q

Which is the main function of the limbic system

A

basic survival functions such as Reproduction, Nutrition and Memory. It is also involved in Emotions.

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37
Q

The part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the

A

the brainstem or cerebral peduncle

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38
Q

The sensory (afferent) division of PNS

A

division transmits electrical signals known as Action Potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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39
Q

The second largest part of the brain and called little brain is

A

cerebellum

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40
Q

What is the epineurium of a spinal nerve?

A

the outermost layer of a spinal nerve. made of dense collagen fibers.

41
Q

The central nervous system include the

A

brain and spinal cord

42
Q

Cell bodies of the PNS are located in

A

ganglia near the spinal cord or near the origin of certain Cranial Nerves.

43
Q

They are specialized for vision in dim light and permit us to see shapes and movement

A

Rods

44
Q

The central nervous system

A

CNS consists of brain and spinal cord. It is the major site for processing information, initiating responses, and integrating mental processes.

45
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid fills the

A

Subarachnoid Space

46
Q

The brain of an average adult weighs _____ grams and has _____ billion neurons

A

1300 grams (3 lb) / 100

47
Q

A lesion in the reticular formation of the upper brainstem may lead to

A

the loss of Consciousness (Coma) which may last for months or even years.

48
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid fills the

A

subarachnoid space

49
Q

The portion of the ear that has the functions for hearing and balance

A

the inner ear

50
Q

Dendrites

A

-They are short, and often branched protoplasmic process of the nerve cell.
The small extensions on the dendrite surfaces are called Dendritic Spines, and they are where axons of other nerve cells form Synapes with the dendrites.
-A synape is where a neuron froms a specialized junction with another neuron or with muscle cell.
-Dendrites are the input part of the neuron.
-They generate small electric currents that are conducted to the neuron cell body when stimulated.

51
Q

When you walk up behind a person and tap his/her right shoulder, he/she will reflexly

A

withdraw the limb or other body part from a painful stimulus

52
Q

The Nuclei for the oculomotor nerves (III) and the trochlear nerves (IV) are located in the

A

The midbrain

53
Q

In the midbrain, the heavily pigmented nucleus called the substantia nigra has a role in

A

Parkinson’s Disease

54
Q

A loss of transparency of the ________ is known as a cataract

A

lens

55
Q

The clinical test for normal eye movement is called the _____ test

A

the H test

56
Q

The nucleus for the facial nerve ( cranial nerve VII) is located in the

A

the lower third of the pons

57
Q

During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut

A

between the midbrain and diencephalon

58
Q

The second largest part of the brain and called little brain is

A

cerebellum

59
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • ANS has two sets of neurons that exits in a series between the CNS and effector organs.
  • Cell bodies of the first neurons are within the CNS and the send their axons to autonomic ganglia where neuron cell bodies of the second neurons are located.
  • Smooth or Cardiac muscles are controlled involuntarily.
  • ANS is subdivided into the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic divisions and Enteric Nervous System.
60
Q

The cranial nerves responsible for chewing and sensation of the head and face

A

The Trigeminal (V) nerve

61
Q
  1. It is involved with the diaphragm for inhaling when the circuit fires or exhaling when the the circuit stops firing.
A

Reverbrating Circuit

62
Q

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in

A

the neuron cell body

63
Q

The retention of events and facts that you can put into words such as names, dates and numbers

A

Declarative Memory

64
Q

The raised ridges on the cerebral hemispheres called gyri are located in what part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

65
Q

A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the

A

Withdrawal or Flexor Reflex

66
Q

The innermost tunic of the eyeball

A

The Retina or Nervous Tunic

67
Q
  1. The clinical test for normal eye movement is called the _____ test
A

the H test

68
Q

The most superficial meningeal layer is the

A

dura Matter

69
Q

Which of these papillae has no taste buds?

A

Filiform

70
Q

Which of the structures listed below is part of the vascular tunic?

A

Either ;a) The Choroid, (b) The Cillary Body and (c) The Iris (The Uvea)

71
Q

This type of neurotransmitter both excites some postsynaptic cells and inhibits others

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

72
Q

Palpebrae is another name for

A

The eyelids

73
Q

Sensory structures that detect taste are

A

Papillae containing Taste Buds (Folate have the most)

74
Q

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

75
Q

Glutamate and Glycine are types of neurotransmitter known as

A

Amino acid Neurotransmitters

76
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

web-like middle cell layer of the cranial meninges.

77
Q

Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?

A

Olfaction

78
Q

When you walk up behind a person and tap his/her right shoulder, he/she will reflexly

A

withdraw the limb or other body part from a painful stimulus

79
Q

Dendrites

A

-They are short, and often branched protoplasmic process of the nerve cell.
The small extensions on the dendrite surfaces are called Dendritic Spines, and they are where axons of other nerve cells form Synapes with the dendrites.
-A synape is where a neuron froms a specialized junction with another neuron or with muscle cell.
-Dendrites are the input part of the neuron.
-They generate small electric currents that are conducted to the neuron cell body when stimulated.

80
Q

A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the

A

Astrocyte

81
Q

The site of earwax secretion

A

Near the exterior opening, the External Auditory Canal or Meatus is lined with hairs and specialized Ceruminous (Sebaceous) Glands which secret Cerumen

82
Q

Which of the reflexes is the basis for several tests used in neurological examination

A

The patellar or knee jerk stretch reflex.

83
Q

Damage to which of the following cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste?

A

Cranial Nerves VII (Chorda Tympani or Facial Nerve), IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve), or X (Vagus nerve)

84
Q

What is the perineurium of a spinal nerve?

A

It is the middle layer of a spinal nerve. divides the nerve into fasicles.

85
Q

What is pia mater?

A

The deepest layer of the cranial meninges. Directly attached to the brain.

86
Q

Put the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor.

A

a) Sensory Receptor, b) Sensory Neuron c) Interneuron, d) Motor Neuron and e) Effector Organ

87
Q

The type of potential is confined to a small region of the plasma membrane

A

Receptor Potential

88
Q

The cranial nerves responsible for hearing and equilibrium

A

The vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory vestibular nerve), known as the eighth cranial nerve

89
Q

Among the primary tastes, sensitivity for _____ substances are the highest, and the _____ substances are the lowest.

A

Bitter, Sweet + Salty

90
Q

Which is the main function of the limbic system

A

Reproduction, Nutrition and Memory. It is also involved in Emotions

91
Q

In the inner ear, the structure is shaped like a snail shell is called

A

The cochlea

92
Q

The portion of cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the

A

the Flocculonodular lobe

93
Q

What is the endoneurium of a spinal nerve?

A

the inner layer of a spinal nerve. surrounds the individual axon.

94
Q

Is the retention of motor skills such as how you type on a keyboard and tie your shoes

A

Procedural Memory

95
Q

The type of circuit that allows one motor neuron of the brain stimulate thousands of muscle fibers

A

Diverging Circuit

96
Q

Dendrites

A

-They are short, and often branched protoplasmic process of the nerve cell.
The small extensions on the dendrite surfaces are called Dendritic Spines, and they are where axons of other nerve cells form Synapes with the dendrites.
-A synape is where a neuron froms a specialized junction with another neuron or with muscle cell.
-Dendrites are the input part of the neuron.
-They generate small electric currents that are conducted to the neuron cell body when stimulated.

97
Q

The potential difference across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated cell

A

The Rest Membrane Potential (RMP)

98
Q

The motor (efferent) division of the PNS

A

transmits electrical signals from CNS to effector organs, such as muscle and glands.

Anatomy FINAL (19 decks)

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