Lecture Final Flashcards
- There are _______ pairs spinal nerves and _______ pairs of cranial nerves
31, 12
Axons contain
Presynaptic Terminals that contain neurotransmitters. They are wrapped in myelin.
Most of nerve cells within CNS and afferent neurons are mostly
Afferent and Multipolar Neurons
Which of the reflexes is the basis for several tests used in neurological examination
The Stretch Reflex
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous tunic with more proteoglycans is the
Cornea
The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the
the fibrous tunic
The outermost tunic of the eyeball that helps maintain the shape of the eye
Sclera (Fibrous Tunic)
A neuron that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a _
sensory neurons
Epinephrine and dopamine are types of neurotransmitter known as
Monoamines or Biogenic amines
Is the retention of motor skills such as how you type on a keyboard and tie your shoes
Procedural Memory
The cranial nerves which regulate eyeball movement
The Abducens (VI) nerves
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitter are present in the
Axon terminal/presynaptic vesicles in the axon of the neuron
Which neuroglial wraps myelin sheath around an axon?
Oligodendrocytes
Which of the following is (are) associated with retina?
- inner nervous tissue: Sensory Retina (contains The Photoreceptor Neurons, The Bipolar Neurons and The Ganglion Neurons.)
- outer, pigmented layer: Pigmented Retina.
- The Dendrites of the photoreceptor neurons are called Rods and Cons
The cranial nerves that relay nerve impulses to thoracic and abdominal viscera
The Vagus (X) nerves
Which is not a neuroglial cell of the CNS?
Anything other than astrocyte, ependymal cell, microglia oligodendrocyte
The part of the ear that collects sound waves and directs them to the meatus is called
The external ear collects sound waves and direct them inward. It consists of the Auricle or Pina, the external Auditory canal (External Acoustic Meatus), and the Tympanic membrane.
What is ganglia made of?
Collection of cell bodies in PNS surrounded by Neuroglia
Neurons located in the retina of eye and the nasal cavity are
Bipolar Neurons
The patellar or the stretch reflex is a classic example of
Knee jerk reflex? The simplest reflex? Monosynaptic reflex arcs?
Which of the reflexes is the basis for several tests used in neurological examination
The Stretch Reflex
The lacrimal glands….
The gland produces tears, at a rate of 1 ml/day, which are used to wash away foreign objects, to moisten the surface of the eye and lubricate the eyelids.
Contains salt, some other stuff and Lysozyme
The most superficial meningeal layer is the
Dura matter
What is the dura mater?
The outermost cranial meninges. Fibrous and tough.
The raised ridges on the cerebral hemispheres called gyri are located in what part of the brain
Cerebrum
The cranial nerves responsible for changes in pupil size and shape of lens
The Oculomotor (III) nerves
The nervous system
It is a major regulatory system that detects sensation and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions.
It consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors
The type of circuit, in which input from many different neurons is funneled into one or single postsynaptic neuron.
Converging Circuit
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates an eye muscle
the abducens, the trochlear, and the oculomotor
There are _______ pairs spinal nerves and _______ pairs of cranial nerves
31, 12
The vascular tunic with large amount of pigment and numerous blood vessels is the
the Uvea (The Choroid, The Cillary Body and The Iris)
The cranial nerves which convey nerve impulses related to head and shoulder movements
The Accessory (XI) nerves
Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?
Olfaction
Which of the following is not a part of external ear?
Anything other than: The Auricle or Pina, the external Auditory canal (External Acoustic Meatus), and the Tympanic membrane, also called Eardrum.
Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are
Bipolar neurons
Which is the main function of the limbic system
basic survival functions such as Reproduction, Nutrition and Memory. It is also involved in Emotions.
The part of the brain that connects the medulla to the midbrain is the
the brainstem or cerebral peduncle
The sensory (afferent) division of PNS
division transmits electrical signals known as Action Potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS.
The second largest part of the brain and called little brain is
cerebellum
What is the epineurium of a spinal nerve?
the outermost layer of a spinal nerve. made of dense collagen fibers.
The central nervous system include the
brain and spinal cord
Cell bodies of the PNS are located in
ganglia near the spinal cord or near the origin of certain Cranial Nerves.
They are specialized for vision in dim light and permit us to see shapes and movement
Rods
The central nervous system
CNS consists of brain and spinal cord. It is the major site for processing information, initiating responses, and integrating mental processes.
The cerebrospinal fluid fills the
Subarachnoid Space
The brain of an average adult weighs _____ grams and has _____ billion neurons
1300 grams (3 lb) / 100
A lesion in the reticular formation of the upper brainstem may lead to
the loss of Consciousness (Coma) which may last for months or even years.
The cerebrospinal fluid fills the
subarachnoid space
The portion of the ear that has the functions for hearing and balance
the inner ear
Dendrites
-They are short, and often branched protoplasmic process of the nerve cell.
The small extensions on the dendrite surfaces are called Dendritic Spines, and they are where axons of other nerve cells form Synapes with the dendrites.
-A synape is where a neuron froms a specialized junction with another neuron or with muscle cell.
-Dendrites are the input part of the neuron.
-They generate small electric currents that are conducted to the neuron cell body when stimulated.
When you walk up behind a person and tap his/her right shoulder, he/she will reflexly
withdraw the limb or other body part from a painful stimulus
The Nuclei for the oculomotor nerves (III) and the trochlear nerves (IV) are located in the
The midbrain
In the midbrain, the heavily pigmented nucleus called the substantia nigra has a role in
Parkinson’s Disease
A loss of transparency of the ________ is known as a cataract
lens
The clinical test for normal eye movement is called the _____ test
the H test
The nucleus for the facial nerve ( cranial nerve VII) is located in the
the lower third of the pons
During an autopsy the brainstem was separated from the rest of the brain by a cut
between the midbrain and diencephalon
The second largest part of the brain and called little brain is
cerebellum
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- ANS has two sets of neurons that exits in a series between the CNS and effector organs.
- Cell bodies of the first neurons are within the CNS and the send their axons to autonomic ganglia where neuron cell bodies of the second neurons are located.
- Smooth or Cardiac muscles are controlled involuntarily.
- ANS is subdivided into the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic divisions and Enteric Nervous System.
The cranial nerves responsible for chewing and sensation of the head and face
The Trigeminal (V) nerve
- It is involved with the diaphragm for inhaling when the circuit fires or exhaling when the the circuit stops firing.
Reverbrating Circuit
Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in
the neuron cell body
The retention of events and facts that you can put into words such as names, dates and numbers
Declarative Memory
The raised ridges on the cerebral hemispheres called gyri are located in what part of the brain
Cerebrum
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the
Withdrawal or Flexor Reflex
The innermost tunic of the eyeball
The Retina or Nervous Tunic
- The clinical test for normal eye movement is called the _____ test
the H test
The most superficial meningeal layer is the
dura Matter
Which of these papillae has no taste buds?
Filiform
Which of the structures listed below is part of the vascular tunic?
Either ;a) The Choroid, (b) The Cillary Body and (c) The Iris (The Uvea)
This type of neurotransmitter both excites some postsynaptic cells and inhibits others
acetylcholine (Ach)
Palpebrae is another name for
The eyelids
Sensory structures that detect taste are
Papillae containing Taste Buds (Folate have the most)
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
Nodes of Ranvier
Glutamate and Glycine are types of neurotransmitter known as
Amino acid Neurotransmitters
What is arachnoid mater?
web-like middle cell layer of the cranial meninges.
Which of the following special senses is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without going to the thalamus?
Olfaction
When you walk up behind a person and tap his/her right shoulder, he/she will reflexly
withdraw the limb or other body part from a painful stimulus
Dendrites
-They are short, and often branched protoplasmic process of the nerve cell.
The small extensions on the dendrite surfaces are called Dendritic Spines, and they are where axons of other nerve cells form Synapes with the dendrites.
-A synape is where a neuron froms a specialized junction with another neuron or with muscle cell.
-Dendrites are the input part of the neuron.
-They generate small electric currents that are conducted to the neuron cell body when stimulated.
A neuroglial cell that is a major component of the blood-brain barrier is the
Astrocyte
The site of earwax secretion
Near the exterior opening, the External Auditory Canal or Meatus is lined with hairs and specialized Ceruminous (Sebaceous) Glands which secret Cerumen
Which of the reflexes is the basis for several tests used in neurological examination
The patellar or knee jerk stretch reflex.
Damage to which of the following cranial nerves may impair the sense of taste?
Cranial Nerves VII (Chorda Tympani or Facial Nerve), IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve), or X (Vagus nerve)
What is the perineurium of a spinal nerve?
It is the middle layer of a spinal nerve. divides the nerve into fasicles.
What is pia mater?
The deepest layer of the cranial meninges. Directly attached to the brain.
Put the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor.
a) Sensory Receptor, b) Sensory Neuron c) Interneuron, d) Motor Neuron and e) Effector Organ
The type of potential is confined to a small region of the plasma membrane
Receptor Potential
The cranial nerves responsible for hearing and equilibrium
The vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory vestibular nerve), known as the eighth cranial nerve
Among the primary tastes, sensitivity for _____ substances are the highest, and the _____ substances are the lowest.
Bitter, Sweet + Salty
Which is the main function of the limbic system
Reproduction, Nutrition and Memory. It is also involved in Emotions
In the inner ear, the structure is shaped like a snail shell is called
The cochlea
The portion of cerebellum that is involved in balance and eye movements is the
the Flocculonodular lobe
What is the endoneurium of a spinal nerve?
the inner layer of a spinal nerve. surrounds the individual axon.
Is the retention of motor skills such as how you type on a keyboard and tie your shoes
Procedural Memory
The type of circuit that allows one motor neuron of the brain stimulate thousands of muscle fibers
Diverging Circuit
Dendrites
-They are short, and often branched protoplasmic process of the nerve cell.
The small extensions on the dendrite surfaces are called Dendritic Spines, and they are where axons of other nerve cells form Synapes with the dendrites.
-A synape is where a neuron froms a specialized junction with another neuron or with muscle cell.
-Dendrites are the input part of the neuron.
-They generate small electric currents that are conducted to the neuron cell body when stimulated.
The potential difference across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated cell
The Rest Membrane Potential (RMP)
The motor (efferent) division of the PNS
transmits electrical signals from CNS to effector organs, such as muscle and glands.
