Lecture Exam 2 Quiz Questions

Question 1

Name the three major pigments that contribute to skin color

Answer 1

Melanin, Hemoglobin, and Carotene

Question 2

State 3 ways that skin can contribute to thermoregulation

Answer 2

1) liberating sweat
2) Raising and lower hairs
3) dialating/constricting the capillaries to regulate blood flow to the surface of the body

Question 3

Sebaceous glands release the whole secretory cell with the secretory product. What is the term for this method of secretion?

Answer 3

Holocrine

Question 4

Where do you find the most sebaceous glands?

Answer 4

At the base of hair follicles

Question 5

What protein cross-links elastin molecules together to give elastic fibers their ability to stretch and relax?

Answer 5

Fibrillin

Question 6

What is the difference between a proteoglycan and a glycosaminoglycan?

Answer 6

A glycosaminoglycan is a repeating dissacharide. A proteoglycan has a core protein w/ glycosaminoglycans attached to it.

Question 7

What are the main resident cells of connective tissue?

Answer 7

Fibroblasts

Question 8

You are looking at a histological section of muscle that has striations and peripheral nuclei. What type of muscle are you viewing?

Answer 8

Skeletal Muscle

Question 9

What type of connective tissue molecule is dermatin sulfate?

Answer 9

A glycosaminoglycan

Question 10

What type of molecule is keratin?

Answer 10

a cytoskeletal protein – intermediate filament (present in skin)

Question 11

What does the term hypertrophy mean?

Answer 11

To increase in size (hyperplasia = to increase in number)

Question 12

Where owuld you find Langerhan’d cells and what do they do?

Answer 12

In the skin - resident dendritic cells that serve an immune function

Question 13

What vitamin is activated by UV light in the skin?

Answer 13

Vitamin D

Question 14

What does the term serous mean?

Answer 14

Serous membranes line one body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior – watery secretions rather than mucousy

Question 15

Cutaneous membrane is another term for what organ?

Answer 15

Skin

Question 16

What is osteoid?

Answer 16

unmineralized bone matrix made of calcium phosphate and matrix molecules. Mineralized matrix = calcium hydroxyapitite

Question 17

Where do you find osteogenic cells?

Answer 17

In the periosteum and endosteum

Question 18

What is it that cartilage does not repair?

Answer 18

Avascular, chondrogenic (cartilage producing cells) cannot be brought in after damage)

Question 19

What do you call the immature cells in cartilage

Answer 19

Chondroblasts

Question 20

How would you classify articular cartilage

Answer 20

Hyaline cartilage

Question 21

What feature of cartilage matrix allows it to resist compressive forces?

Answer 21

Presence of GAGs w/ sulfated side chains that draw in water due to their negative charge (and collagen makes it strong)

Question 22

What do you call the mature cells in bone?

Answer 22

Osteocytes

Question 23

What are cannaliculi?

Answer 23

Channels where processes from osteocytes can meet up and form gap junctions

Question 24

What do you call the concentric rings of bones that are laid down in osteons?

Answer 24

Lamellae

Question 25

What do you call the spaces where adult bone and cartilage cells reside?

Answer 25

Lacunae

Question 26

What do you call the "hole" in the middle of an osteon?

Answer 26

Central, osteonal, or haversian canal

Question 27

What is present in the central canal?

Answer 27

Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Question 28

Why does compact bone need to be arranged into osteons?

Answer 28

to allow for osteocytes to recieve nutrients and oxygen. Hard for these to diffuse through mineralized matrix. Allows for bone regeneration.

Question 29

What is the generalized term for reduced bone density?

Answer 29

Osteopenia

Question 30

Name an autoimmune disease that causes degeneration in joints? What does autoimmune mean?

Answer 30

Rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune = immune system attacking body

Question 31

Name the 5 layers in the epidermis from most superficial to deepest?

Answer 31

``` Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum grandosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale ```

Question 32

Are sweat glands exocrine or endocrine? Why?

Answer 32

Exocrine -- secrete via ducts

Question 33

Do you find blood vessels in the dermis?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Do you find blood vessels in the epidermis?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

What are the 2 layers of the dermis, form the most superficial to the deepest?

Answer 35

Papillary | Reticular

Question 36

What cells produce pigment and where are they?

Answer 36

Melanocytes. Basal Layer of epidermis.

Question 37

What are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?

Answer 37

Keratinocytes

Question 38

What do we not grow taller after puberty?

Answer 38

our growth plates close

Question 39

Why can broken bones heal?

Answer 39

Our bones remodel constantly

Question 40

When a bone breaks, what type of tissue fills the space first?

Answer 40

Fibrocartilage (fibrous callus -- connective tissue)

Question 41

What do fractures heal faster in children?

Answer 41

Cells more active, more osteogenic cells, everything faster

Question 42

What dietary recommendations would you give to help prevent osteoporosis?

Answer 42

Vitamin D and calcium taken togehter. Weight bearing exercise.

Question 43

Name the cells responsible for breaking down bones

Answer 43

Osteoclasts

Question 44

What is the developmental lineage of osteoclasts?

Answer 44

bone marrow =>monocyte => osteoclasts

Question 45

What do osteoclasts look like?

Answer 45

Pacman ghosts. Multinucleate.

Question 46

What is the most important horomone in maintaining calcium homeostasis?

Answer 46

Parathyroid horomone

Question 47

What is the most important vitamin in maintaining Calcium homeostasis?

Answer 47

Vitamin D

Question 48

State 4 organ systems important in maintaining calcium homestasis:

Answer 48

skeletal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, integumentary, urinary

Question 49

Name some important functions of calcium in the body:

Answer 49

- neurotransmitter release - membrane permeability - muscle contraction - enzyme activation - intracellular second messenger - hormone release - blood coagulation - bone formation - cell motility - cell secretion - cellular differentiation

Question 50

From what cells do osteocytes develop?

Answer 50

Mesenchymal stem cells => osteogenic cell => osteoblast => osteocyte

Question 51

Why is compact bone organized into osteons?

Answer 51

to allow osteocytes to recieve adequate nutrition

Question 52

Give 2 examples of bone modeling

Answer 52

- Shape longbones during development | - shape changes during development, e.g. tooth fracture repair

Question 53

Where do you find an epiphyseal plate?

Answer 53

developing long bones

Question 54

How do the bones fo the cranium develop?

Answer 54

Intramembranous ossification

Question 55

Define the Method of Secretion: Merocrine Glands

Answer 55

or (eccrine glands) - cells excrete their substances by exocytosis; for example, pancreatic acinar cells.

Question 56

Define the Method of Secretion: Apocrine Glands

Answer 56

a portion of the plasma membrane buds off the cell, containing the excretion.

Question 57

Define the Method of Secretion: Holocrine Glands

Answer 57

the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance; for example, sebaceous glands of the skin and nose.

Question 58

Define term: trabeculae

Answer 58

Thin columns of bone that make up spongy bone

Question 59

Sudiferous (sweat) glands use what method of secretion?

Answer 59

Merocrine, secrete via exocytosis

Question 60

What is alkaline phosphatase?

Answer 60

Secreted by osteoblasts, and enzyme that initiates mineralization of the osteid