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Bio 40A > Lecture Exam 2 Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Quiz Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the three major pigments that contribute to skin color

A

Melanin, Hemoglobin, and Carotene

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2
Q

State 3 ways that skin can contribute to thermoregulation

A

1) liberating sweat
2) Raising and lower hairs
3) dialating/constricting the capillaries to regulate blood flow to the surface of the body

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3
Q

Sebaceous glands release the whole secretory cell with the secretory product. What is the term for this method of secretion?

A

Holocrine

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4
Q

Where do you find the most sebaceous glands?

A

At the base of hair follicles

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5
Q

What protein cross-links elastin molecules together to give elastic fibers their ability to stretch and relax?

A

Fibrillin

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6
Q

What is the difference between a proteoglycan and a glycosaminoglycan?

A

A glycosaminoglycan is a repeating dissacharide. A proteoglycan has a core protein w/ glycosaminoglycans attached to it.

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7
Q

What are the main resident cells of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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8
Q

You are looking at a histological section of muscle that has striations and peripheral nuclei. What type of muscle are you viewing?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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9
Q

What type of connective tissue molecule is dermatin sulfate?

A

A glycosaminoglycan

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10
Q

What type of molecule is keratin?

A

a cytoskeletal protein – intermediate filament (present in skin)

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11
Q

What does the term hypertrophy mean?

A

To increase in size (hyperplasia = to increase in number)

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12
Q

Where owuld you find Langerhan’d cells and what do they do?

A

In the skin - resident dendritic cells that serve an immune function

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13
Q

What vitamin is activated by UV light in the skin?

A

Vitamin D

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14
Q

What does the term serous mean?

A

Serous membranes line one body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior – watery secretions rather than mucousy

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15
Q

Cutaneous membrane is another term for what organ?

A

Skin

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16
Q

What is osteoid?

A

unmineralized bone matrix made of calcium phosphate and matrix molecules. Mineralized matrix = calcium hydroxyapitite

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17
Q

Where do you find osteogenic cells?

A

In the periosteum and endosteum

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18
Q

What is it that cartilage does not repair?

A

Avascular, chondrogenic (cartilage producing cells) cannot be brought in after damage)

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19
Q

What do you call the immature cells in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

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20
Q

How would you classify articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

What feature of cartilage matrix allows it to resist compressive forces?

A

Presence of GAGs w/ sulfated side chains that draw in water due to their negative charge (and collagen makes it strong)

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22
Q

What do you call the mature cells in bone?

A

Osteocytes

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23
Q

What are cannaliculi?

A

Channels where processes from osteocytes can meet up and form gap junctions

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24
Q

What do you call the concentric rings of bones that are laid down in osteons?

A

Lamellae

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25
Q

What do you call the spaces where adult bone and cartilage cells reside?

A

Lacunae

26
Q

What do you call the “hole” in the middle of an osteon?

A

Central, osteonal, or haversian canal

27
Q

What is present in the central canal?

A

Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

28
Q

Why does compact bone need to be arranged into osteons?

A

to allow for osteocytes to recieve nutrients and oxygen. Hard for these to diffuse through mineralized matrix. Allows for bone regeneration.

29
Q

What is the generalized term for reduced bone density?

A

Osteopenia

30
Q

Name an autoimmune disease that causes degeneration in joints? What does autoimmune mean?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune = immune system attacking body

31
Q

Name the 5 layers in the epidermis from most superficial to deepest?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum grandosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
32
Q

Are sweat glands exocrine or endocrine? Why?

A

Exocrine – secrete via ducts

33
Q

Do you find blood vessels in the dermis?

A

Yes

34
Q

Do you find blood vessels in the epidermis?

A

No

35
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis, form the most superficial to the deepest?

A

Papillary

Reticular

36
Q

What cells produce pigment and where are they?

A

Melanocytes. Basal Layer of epidermis.

37
Q

What are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

38
Q

What do we not grow taller after puberty?

A

our growth plates close

39
Q

Why can broken bones heal?

A

Our bones remodel constantly

40
Q

When a bone breaks, what type of tissue fills the space first?

A

Fibrocartilage (fibrous callus – connective tissue)

41
Q

What do fractures heal faster in children?

A

Cells more active, more osteogenic cells, everything faster

42
Q

What dietary recommendations would you give to help prevent osteoporosis?

A

Vitamin D and calcium taken togehter. Weight bearing exercise.

43
Q

Name the cells responsible for breaking down bones

A

Osteoclasts

44
Q

What is the developmental lineage of osteoclasts?

A

bone marrow =>monocyte => osteoclasts

45
Q

What do osteoclasts look like?

A

Pacman ghosts. Multinucleate.

46
Q

What is the most important horomone in maintaining calcium homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid horomone

47
Q

What is the most important vitamin in maintaining Calcium homeostasis?

A

Vitamin D

48
Q

State 4 organ systems important in maintaining calcium homestasis:

A

skeletal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, integumentary, urinary

49
Q

Name some important functions of calcium in the body:

A
  • neurotransmitter release
  • membrane permeability
  • muscle contraction
  • enzyme activation
  • intracellular second messenger
  • hormone release
  • blood coagulation
  • bone formation
  • cell motility
  • cell secretion
  • cellular differentiation
50
Q

From what cells do osteocytes develop?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells => osteogenic cell => osteoblast => osteocyte

51
Q

Why is compact bone organized into osteons?

A

to allow osteocytes to recieve adequate nutrition

52
Q

Give 2 examples of bone modeling

A
  • Shape longbones during development

- shape changes during development, e.g. tooth fracture repair

53
Q

Where do you find an epiphyseal plate?

A

developing long bones

54
Q

How do the bones fo the cranium develop?

A

Intramembranous ossification

55
Q

Define the Method of Secretion: Merocrine Glands

A

or (eccrine glands) - cells excrete their substances by exocytosis; for example, pancreatic acinar cells.

56
Q

Define the Method of Secretion: Apocrine Glands

A

a portion of the plasma membrane buds off the cell, containing the excretion.

57
Q

Define the Method of Secretion: Holocrine Glands

A

the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance; for example, sebaceous glands of the skin and nose.

58
Q

Define term: trabeculae

A

Thin columns of bone that make up spongy bone

59
Q

Sudiferous (sweat) glands use what method of secretion?

A

Merocrine, secrete via exocytosis

60
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase?

A

Secreted by osteoblasts, and enzyme that initiates mineralization of the osteid

Bio 40A (23 decks)

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