Chapter 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Define Term: Anatomy

Answer 1

The process of studying structures and relating them to function (ana= up, tomy= process of cutting)

Question 2

Define Term: Physiology

Answer 2

The science of body functions

Question 3

Order the levels of structural organization of the body from simplest to most complex:

Answer 3

chemical, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

Question 4

Order these levels off structoral organization from simplest to most complex: organismal, tissue, cellual, system, chemical, organ, molecular

Answer 4

chemical, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

Question 5

Name the major components and functions of the integumentary system:

Answer 5

Skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands)

Protects body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations

Question 6

Name the major components and functions of the muscular system:

Answer 6

Skeletal muscle tissue ( muscle usually attached to bones)

Maintains posture, participates in body movements, produces heat

Question 7

Name the major components and functions of the skeletal system:

Answer 7

Bones, joints, cartilages

Supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, houses cells that produce blood cells, aids movement, stores minerals and lipids

Question 8

Define Term: Metabolism

Answer 8

The sum of chemical processes in the body

Question 9

Define Term: Anabolism

Answer 9

the building up of complex chemical substances

Question 10

Define Term: Catabolism

Answer 10

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler substances

Question 11

Define Term: Responsiveness

Answer 11

An action or movement due to the application of a stimulus.

Question 12

Define Term: Growth

Answer 12

When used to describe the growth of cell populations, cell growth refers to the growth and division of the “mother cell” into two “daughter cells”.

Question 13

Define Term: Hypertrophy

Answer 13

The enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part due to an increase in size of its constituent cells

Question 14

Define Term: Hyperplasia

Answer 14

(Science: pathology) The abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a tissue.

Question 15

Define Term: Atrophy

Answer 15

(Science: pathology) a wasting Away, a diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, organ or pa

Question 16

Define Term: Homeostatis

Answer 16

Maintenance of steady states in the body by co-ordinated physiological processes or feedback mechanisms.

Question 17

Define Term: Negative Feedback

Answer 17

Negative feedback is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus. Often it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize the system. Ex. When blood pressure gets too high, signals are sent to the brain to signal the heart to slow down.

Question 18

Define Term: Positive Feedback

Answer 18

A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal. One example of biological positive feedback is at the onset of contractions in childbirth. When contraction occurs, oxytocin is released into the body stimulating more contractions. Thus, the result is an increased amplitude and frequency of contractions.