Lecture exam Flashcards
Define anatomy and physiology
Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationship among other body parts.
Physiology is the study of the functions, or workings, of the human body.
Understand the relationship between anatomy & physiology (form and function)
Anatomy clarifies the structure of the human body while physiology deals with the functioning of the human body.
Understand the levels of biological organization
Atom-molecule-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism
Identify all 11 organ systems
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, female/male reproductive
major components and functions of the integumentary system
Organs-skin, hair, sweat glands, nails.
Function-protects against environmental hazards; helps regulate body temperature; provides sensory information
major components and functions of the skeletal system
Organs-bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow
Function-provides support and protection for other tissues; stores calcium and other minerals; forms blood cells
major components and functions of the muscular system
Organs-Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Function-provides movement; provides protection and support for other tissues; generates heat that maintains body temperature
major components and functions of the nervous system
Organs-brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Function-directs immediate responses to stimuli; coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
major components and functions of the endocrine system
Organs-pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
Function-directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems; adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body; controls many structural and functional changes during development
major components and functions of the cardiovascular system
Organs-heart, blood, blood vessels
Functions-Distributes blood cells, water, and disolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; distributes heat and assists in control of body timperature
major components and functions of the lymphatic system
Organs-spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Functions-defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fliuds to the bloodstream
major components and functions of the respiratory system
Organs-nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, brochi, lungs, alveoli
Functions-Delivers air to alveoli; provides oxygen to bloodstream; removes carbon dioxide from blood stream; produces sounds for communication
major components and functions digestive system
Organs-teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Functions-processes and digests food; absorbs and conserves water; absorbs nutrients; stores energy reserves
major components and functions of the urinary system
Organs-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions-excretes waste production
Functions-excretes waste products from the blood; controls water balance by regulating volume of urine prior to voluntary elimination; regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
major components and functions of the female reproductive system
Organs-ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
Functions-produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones; supports developing embryo from conception to delivery; provides milk to nourish newborn infant; sexual intercourse
major components and functions of the male reproductive system
Organs-testes,epididymids, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, penis, scrotum
Function-produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fliuds, and hormones; sexual intercourse.
Define homeostasis and describe its importance to living organisms
Refers to existence of a stable internal environment.
Describe how negative feedback works, give an example
Negative feedback is a way of counteracting a change. In this process, an effector activated by the control center opposes or negates, the original stimulus. So that the negative feedback tends to minimize change.
Example - thermoregulation or blood sugar
Describe how positive feedback works, give an example
Positive feedback tends to enhance or increase the change or stimulus that triggered it. The initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it.
Example - child birth or a cut
Know the anatomical landmarks of superficial anatomy
Know the anatomical regions and quadrants and the organs/structures that can be found in each.
Use directional terms to describe the location of various organs or structures
Identify the major body cavities and the organs and structures found in them
Describe the three major body sections
Frontal plane - separates the front from the back
Mid/Sagittal plane - divides the body in left and right, and if it is directly in the middle it is Midsagittal
Transverse plane - separates the body from top (superior) and bottom (inferior)
Identify the four major types of tissues
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
describe their general roles of Epithelial tissue
-covers exposed surfaces
-lines internal passageways and chambers
-produces glandular secretions
describe their general roles of Connective tissue
-fills internal spaces
-provides structural support
-stores energy
describe their general roles of Muscle tissue
-contracts to produce movement
describe their general roles of Nervous tissue
-propagates electrical impulses
-carries information
Describe the important characteristics of epithelial tissue
-Polarity - has an exposed surface and a base.
-Cellularity - bound closely together by interconnections (cell junctions). nothing extra….just all cells
-Attachment - they are bound to a basement membrane, which adheres to the basal surface and to the underlaying tissues to establish the cell’s border and resist stretching
-Avascularity - lack blood vessels. they get nutrients by diffusion or absorption across exposed or attached surface
Describe the functions of epithelial organ
-Provide physical protection
-Control permeability
-Provide sensation
-Produce specialized secretions
the four types of intercellular connections
They are all cell junctions which are:
-Gap junctions
-Tight junctions
-Hemidesmosomes (Desmosomes)
-Spot desmosomes
Describe Hemidesmosomes and where they would be located in epithelial tissue
An anchor holding the cells to the basement layer
Locations bottom of the cells with a half protein disc anchoring into the basement membrane
Describe Gap junctions and where they would be located in epithelial tissue
They allow easy diffusion for neighboring cells to share nutrients and such
They are located between neighboring cells