Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > 233 Lecture 3 > Flashcards

233 Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe the three distinct processes of kidney function

A

Filtration - only at the renal corpuscle, podocyte foot.
Reabsorption - path of bring from the tube and bring it back into the body, reclaiming stuff.
Secretion - putting stuff in the blood back into the tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Distinguish between four major types of carrier-mediated transport

A

Simple diffusion - lipid soluble
Facilitated diffusion - channels that allow things that are large in size or polar; water or ions
Active transport - moving things against it’s gradient.
Cotransport - When two things are moving in the same direction from one side of the membrane to the other.
Countertransport - when things are going in opposite directions, with or against their gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Understand the importance of the five characteristics of carrier-mediated transport

A
  1. a specific substrate binds to a carrier protein that facilitates movement across the membrane
  2. a given carrier protein normally works in one direction only
  3. the distribution of carier proteins can vary from one portion of the cell surface to another
  4. the membrane of a single tubular cell contains many types of carrier protein
  5. carrier proteins, like enzymes, can be saturated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the relationship between renal threshold and transport maximum (Tm)

A
  • Tm - transport maximum - channel can only support a certain amount at a time.
  • renal threshold - When Tm is reached and substances is now being excreted through the kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Understand the unit of milliosmoles and how it relates to kidney function.

A

The osmotic concentration, or osmolarity, of a solution is the total number of solute particles in each liter. osmolarity in osmoles per liter (Osm/L) or milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify the components of the filtration membrane of the glomular capsule

A

Podocytes, basement membrane, Fenestrated endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the relationships between GHP, CsHP, NHP, BCOP, and FP.

A
  • GHP - Glomerular hydrostatic pressure which is the push from out from the glomerular capillaries. (50 mmHg)
  • CsHP - Capsular hydrostatic Pressure which is is the pressure that is already in the nephron when you push stuff in it automatically pushes stuff back (like putting more water in a full hose)
  • BCOP - Blood Colloid osmotic pressure which is caused because of all the big solutes that can not move accross the barrier causing a push back into the capillaries. 25mmHg
  • NHP - Net Hydrostatic Pressure is when the math is done of the out vs the in. Usually a normal NHP is 10 mmHg.
  • FP - Filtration pressure -
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe GFR and how it can be estimated

A

GFR - a measure of how well your kidneys filter blood. average is about 125mL /min. And 180 liters filtrate per day. This rate depends the NFP (net filtration pressure).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Discuss the 3 mechanisms of control of the GFR

A
  • Autoregulation - the efferient constriction, affereint arterioles dialation, and mesangial cell constriction (if the blood pressure is to low).
  • Endocrine - Release of renin, which is released by the juxtaglomerular complex, and goes through the process of converting to angiotensin II that triggers endocrine response as well as neural. in endocrine: aldosterone increases Na+–>increases blood pressure–>increases systemic blood pressure–>homeostatis; angiotensin II constricts prepheral arterioles and efferent arterioles–>increases systemic blood pressure and glomerular pressure–>homeostasis.
  • Nueral - increases thirst (increases fluid consumption), increase ADH (increases fuild retention), and increase symathetic motor tone (constricts venous reservoir, increase cardiac output, and stimulates peripheral vasoconstriction).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify and understand the five major functions of the PCT

A
  • Reabsorption of organic nutrients
  • Active reabsorption of ions
  • Reabsorption of water
  • Passive reabsorption of ions
  • Secretion - of hydrogen ions

Reabsorbs: Glucose+, Sodium, Bicarb, water
Secretes: H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Understand the idea of countercurrent multiplication in the loop of Henle

A

It is this current of absorption of water, that increases the concentration of the fluid in the nephron loop, that drives the absorption of solutes on the way back up. One drives the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the concentration gradient of the medulla

A

It goes from lower concentration to higher concentration towards the bottom. 30mOsm/L to 1200mOsm/L. Which drives the countercurrent multiplcation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Discuss the process and the benefits of countercurrent multiplication

A

With the amount of solutes left over in the nephron loop after giving up water in the decending side, and water not allowed to pass while only solutes can pass the membranes on the accending side….this drives the concentration gradient to be higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Identify the substances reabsorbed at the DCT

A

Na+
Cl-
H2O
H3CO-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Identify the substances secreted at the DCT

A

K+
H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Discuss and understand reabsorption and secretion at the collecting system (duct)

A

Reabsorption: Bicarb, Na+,
Secretion: H+, Cl-, NH4+
H+ and H3CO- can swap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Identify and understand the roles ADH and aldosterone have on urine volume and concentration

A

ADH places aquaporins for water reabsorption to conserve on water. increases the concentration of the urine and decreases the water in the urine
Aldosterone has reabsorption exchange pumps that in the presence of aldosterone reabsporb sodium ions and the loss of potassium ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Understand the function of the vasa recta

A

Carries both water and solutes from the medulla back into general circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Know the normal values for urine

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

A
  • Urine production ends when tubular fluid enters the renal pelvis. The rest of the urinary system transports, stores, and eliminates urine.
  • The ureters extend from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. Peristaltic contrations by smooth muscles more the urine along the tract
  • the urinary bladder is stabilized by the middle umbilical ligament and the lateral umbilical ligaments. Internal features include the trigone, the neck and the internal urethral sphincter. The mucosal lining contains prominent rugae. Contractions of the detrusor compreses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra.
  • Both sexes, a circular band of skeletal muscles forms the external urethral sphincter, which is under voluntary control.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Discuss the voluntary and involuntary regulation of urination and describe the micturation reflex

A
  • Urination is coordinated by the urine storage reflex and the urine voiding reflex, which are initiated by stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder. Volunatry urination involves coupling these reflexes with the volunatry relaxation of the external urethral sphincter, which allows the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
22
Q

Define and know the difference between ECF and ICF

A

ICF - Intracellular fluid. Cytosol
ECF - extracellular fluid. Plasma, lymph, intersticial fluid.

23
Q

Define and understand the concepts of fluid balance

A
  • Water follows solutes. If there is too much solutes on one side of the plasma membrane the water will follow to make each side even.
    *
24
Q

Define and understand the concepts of electrolyte balance

A
  • total electrolyte concentrations directly affect water balance
  • the concentration of individual electrolytes can affect cell funtions.
  • they are the major contributors to the osmotic concentrations of ECF (sodium) and the ICF (potassium).
  • they directly affect the normal functioning of all cells.
25
Q

Define and understand the concepts of acid-base balance.

A

Respiratory and renal compisation for acid and bases.

26
Q

Identify the major ions (+ and -) found in the ECF and ICF

A
27
Q

Understand the four basic principles of fluid and electrolyte regulation

A
  • All the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ECF, not in the ICF.
  • No receptors directly monitor fluid or electrolyte balance.
  • Cells cannot move water molecules by active transport.
  • The body’s content of water or electrolytes will increase if dietary gains exceed losses to the environment, and will decrease if losses exceed gains.
28
Q

Review the functions of ADH, aldosterone, and natriuretic peptides

A
  • ADH - From the pituitary gland triggered by the hypothalmus with specialized cells called osmoreceptors. Increase of ADH effects water conservation by the kidneys, reducing urnary water losses and concentrating urine; and stimulates the hypothalamic thirst center promoting the intake of fluids.
  • aldosterone - stimulates more sodium absorption by the kidneys and so regulates water and sodium balance. Triggered by the juxoglomalular complex by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Rennin is relased when (1) a decrease in plasma volume or blood pressure at the juxtaglomerular complex of the nephron; (2) a decrease in the osmotic concentration of tubular fluid at the DCT; (3) a decreasing Na+ or increasing K+ concentration in the renal circulation.
  • natriuretic peptides - Released by the cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of the heart walls. Triggered by increased blood pressure of blood volume causes a stretch of the heart walls. Blocks ADH and aldosterone
29
Q

Describe fluid movements within the ECF; gains, losses, and shifts

A
  • you gain fluid through diet and some from metabolic reactions.
  • Lose fluid through normal excretions.
  • Fluid shifts - if the osmotic of the ECF increases, that fluid will become hypertonic compared to the ICF; and if the osmotic concentration of the ECF decreases, that fluid will become hypotonic compared to the ICF.
30
Q

Discuss and understand how sodium balance is maintained

A
  • Sodium ion uptake enters ECF by digestion
  • Sodium ion excretion is by the kidnyes and perspiration mainly
31
Q

Discuss and understand how potassium balance is maintained

A
  • 98% of K+ is in the ICF.
  • Rate of gain is through digestive system and rate of loss is through urine output.
  • Rate of tublar section varies:
    1. Changes in the K+ concentration of the ECF
    2. Changes in pH
    3. The level of aldosterone.
32
Q

Discuss and understand how calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chloride balance is maintained

A
  • calcium - Absorption is through digestion. Small about is lost in bile, very few escape in urine and feces. PTH from the parathyroid glands anc calcitriol from the kidneys stimulate Ca2+ absorption by the digestive tract and reabsorption along the DCT.
  • magnesium - PCT reabosrbs magnesium ions very effectively
  • phosphate - reabsorbed from tublar fluid along the PCT. Calcitriol stimulates phosphate, however there is loss in urine and fecal
  • chloride - absorbed across the digestive track with sodium. serves as a carrier with sodium along the renal tubules.
33
Q

Understand the difference between a strong and weak acid.

A
  • Strong acids dissociate completely in solution
  • Weak acid enters a soultion and a significant number of molecules remain intact, so dissociation is not complete.
34
Q

Define the three different categories of acids

A
  • Fixed acids - they do not leave solution
  • Metabolic acids -acid participants in, or by-products of, cellular metabolism
  • Volatile acids - can leave the body by entering the atmosphere at the lungs. moves through the body via bicarbonate buffer system.
35
Q

Describe and understand how the protein, hemoglobin, carbonic acid-bicarbonate, and phosphate buffer systems function

A
  • Protein has the ability to accept 2 hydrogens if acidic and release one if alkaline
  • hemoglobin is protein in the blood cells that can attach to hydrogen to increase the pH.
  • carbonic acid-bicarbonate - only happens in the ECF. the infamous buffer system in the plamsa.
  • Phosphate buffer system - only in the ICF. Important role in buffering the pH of the ICF and of urine.
36
Q

Discuss how the respiratory system compensates for acid/base fluctuations

A
  • By means of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer system the lungs can increase respiration to relase more CO2 which makes the blood more alkaline (increase pH); or decreases respiration to increase the CO2 in the blood making it more acidic (decreasing pH)
37
Q

Discuss how the urinary system compensates for acid/base fluctuations

A
  • The kidneys have the ability for a longer term
  • When alkalosis the kidneys reaborb hydrogen and pump out bicard; while acidosis pump out hydrogen and reabsorb bicarb.
38
Q

Explain how the body responds to respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

A
39
Q

Explain how the body responds to metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

A
40
Q

Define the following terms: gametes, gonads, oocyte, ovum.

A

gametes - male and female reproductive cells
gonads - reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones
oocyte - female immature gamete
ovum - fertalized oocyte

41
Q

Describe the anatomical components of the male reproductive system

A
42
Q

Outline and understand the processes of spermiogenesis

A
  1. Mitosis of spermatogonium - To reserved one for future gametes, and the other starts the process of meioses as the primary spermatocyte
  2. meiosis I - Crossing over of the duplicate chromosones and separating the pairs
  3. Meiosis II - Separating the duplicates into separate cells
  4. Spermiogenisis - Each cell develops into a single sperm.
43
Q

Outline and understand the processes of spermiogenesis

A

Spermiogenisis - Each cell develops into a single sperm.

44
Q

Identify the major parts of a sperm

A
45
Q

Follow the path of a newly formed sperm through the male reproductive tract, until it leaves the body through ejaculation

A
  1. Seminiferous tubel
  2. Rete testis
  3. efferent ductules
  4. Epididymis (head, body, tail)
  5. ductus deferens
  6. mixes with stuff from the seminal gland in the ejaculatory duct
  7. membranous urethra
  8. spongy urethra
  9. external urethral orfice
  10. out the penis
46
Q

Identify the accessory glands, their functions, and contribution to semen.

A

Seminal glands - produce the majority of the volum of semen
Prostate - Slightly acidic and rish in enzymes that prevent sperm coagulation in the vagina. It is ejected into the prostatic urethra
Bulbo-urethral Gland - Secrete thick, alkaline mucus. Helps neutralize any urinary acids that may remain in the urethra, and it lubericates the tip of the penis.

47
Q

Identify and understand the relationships between the hormones that affect male reproductive function

A
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Testosterone
48
Q

Describe the anatomical components of the female reproductive system

A
49
Q

Outline and understand the process of oogenesis and the ovarian cycle

A
50
Q

Outline and understand the uterine cycle

A
  1. Primordial ovarian follicles in egg nest
  2. Formation of primary ovarian follicle
  3. Formation of secondary ovarian follicle
  4. Formation of tertiary ovarian follicle
  5. Ovulation
  6. Formation of corpus luteum
  7. Formation of corpus albicans
51
Q

Identify and understand the relationships between the hormones that affect female reproductive function

A
  • GnRH -

A&P (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions