2 Exam 1

Question 1

Discuss and be able to identify the anatomy of the spinal cord

Answer 1

The spinal cord is 18 inches long 1/2 inch wide. stops growing about 4 years of age and in adults end about L1/L2. Nerve roots continue through the veritable canal through th rest of the vertebra.
The grey matter make a H or butterfly shape surrounded by the white matter. The H shape is different depending where on the spinal cord it is viewed.

Question 2

Discuss the overall and regional functions of the spinal cord

Answer 2

send motor commands from the brain to the body, send sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes

Question 3

Describe the three meningeal layers that surround the spinal cord

Answer 3

Dura Mater - (hard mother) layer that forms the outermost covering of the spinal cord. The space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canale lies the epidrual space (areolar tissue, blood vessels, and protective adipose tissue)
Arachnoid Mater - (spider mother) The middle meningeal layer. outside is covered by simple squamous epithelia. contains arachnoid membrane and arachnoid trabeculae (a delicate network of collagen and elastic fibers that extend towards pia mater). subdural space separates the dura mater from deeper meningeal layers (most people don’t have this space).
Pia Mater - (delicate mother) consists of a meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers that is firmly bound to the underlying neural tissue.

Question 4

Discuss the organization of the gray and white matter of the spinal cord

Answer 4

Grey matter is separated into horns. Posterior horn that houses the somatic and visceral sensory nuclei. The anterior horn that houses the somatic motor nuclei. And some part os the spinal cord has lateral horns (only found on the thoracic and lumbar region) which houses the visceral motor neuclei. The two sides is separated by the grey commissure.
The white matter has the posterior white columns, anterior white columns, and lateral white columns. The two sides is connected by the anterior white commissure.

Question 5

Describe the major components of a spinal nerve

Answer 5

Epineurium the outermost layer that consists of network of collagen fibers
the perineurium which is the middle layer, extend inward from the epineurium.

Question 6

Diagram and explain the distribution of motor

Answer 6

A spinal nerve distributes motor commands that originate in motor nuclei of the thoracic or superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

Question 7

Diagram and explain the distribution of sensory fibers

Answer 7

A spinal nerve collects sensory information from peripheral structures and delivers it to sensory nuclei in the thoracic or superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord. The posterior and anterior rami, and the white rami of the rami communicantes, also contain sensory fibers.

Question 8

Explain the importance of dermatomes

Question 9

Know the nerve and nerve plexuses from your nerve list

Question 10

Describe the major patterns of interaction of neurons within and between neural pools

Question 11

Outline the major steps in a reflex arc

Question 12

Understand how reflexes can be classified

Question 13

Understand the structures and function of a monosynaptic reflex (stretch)

Question 14

Understand the structures and function of polysynaptic reflexes (withdrawal & crossed-extensor)

Question 15

Explain how higher centers can control and modify reflex responses

Question 16

Name the major regions of the brain and describe their general functions

Question 17

Explain the connection between primary brain vesicles and their adult counterpart

Question 18

Name the ventricles of the brain and describe their locations and the connections between the them

Question 19

Describe the structures of the cranial meninges

Question 20

Discuss the formation, circulation, and function of CSF

Question 21

Explain the importance of the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier

Question 22

List the main components of the medulla oblongata and specify their functions

Answer 22

-Cardiovascular and Respiratory reflex centers
-Ascending and descending tracts
-Cranial nerve nuclei
-Relay centers (nucleus gracilis, cuneatus, olivary and solitary nuclei)

Question 23

List the main components of the pons and specify their functions

Answer 23

-Cranial nerve nuclei
-Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
-Ascending and descending tracts

Question 24

List the main components of the pons and specify their functions

Answer 24

-Cranial nerve nuclei
-Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
-Ascending and descending tracts

Question 25

List the main components of the cerebellum and specify their functions

Answer 25

-Cerebellar cortex
-Arbor vitae
-Cerebellar peduncles

Question 26

List the main components of the midbrain and specify their functions

Answer 26

-Superior and inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina)
-Reticular formation
-Cerebral peduncles
-Cranial nerve nuclei

Question 27

List the main components of the diencephalon and specify their functions

Answer 27

-Epithalamus
Choroid plexus
Pineal gland
-Thalamus
5 thalamic groups
-Hypothalamus
-Mamillary bodies
-Autonomic centers
-Tuberal area
-Supraoptic nucleus
-Paraventricular nucleus
-Preoptic areas
-Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 28

List the main components of the limbic system and specify their locations and functions

Question 29

Identify the major anatomical subdivisions of the cerebrum

Question 30

Identify the white matter of the cerebrum and their functions

Answer 30

-Association, commissural, and projection fibers