Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CELL 302 > Lecture C1 > Flashcards

Lecture C1 Flashcards

1
Q

RBC were first described by _____ (date?)

A

Leeuwenhoek (1695)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RBC and WBC were described by ____ (date?) by using different stains

A

Beale (1863)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Paul Ehrlich did what?

A

-studied stained blood corpuscles & identified them microscopically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Techniques to study blood (2)

A

-centrifugation: separate blood cells into different density
-blood smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

blood smear steps (4)

A
  1. prick finger & collect blood
  2. drop of blood on slide
  3. use second slide to thinly spread drop & dry
  4. view under microscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

composition of whole blood

A

-plasma: 55%
-erythrocytes/RBC: 44%
-Buffy coat: <1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plasma of blood is mostly ____ & also contains _____

A

-water
-proteins and other solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Buffy coat of blood centrifugation contains ____ (2)

A

platelets, leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hematopoiesis (def.)

A

making all blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hematopoiesis occurs in ____ during development and aging

A

different locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the early embryo, blood cells are made in _____. In the second trimester, blood cells are made primarily in ____ and ___ helps out.

A

-yolk sac mesoderm
-liver
-spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In the third trimester, blood cells are made in ____ as the _____ starts to develop in the medullary cavities of the bone

A

-bones (bone marrow)
-bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Before puberty, ______ contributes to hematopoiesis. After puberty, it shifts to ____

A

-all the bones
-axial bones (vertebra, sternum, rib)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In the embryo, hematopoiesis occurs first in _____ and later at _____ (3)

A

-yolk sac blood islands
-aorta-gonad mesonephros (AGM) region, placenta, fetal liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hematopoiesis in each location favours the production of _____

A

specific blood lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In adults, _____ (2) are the primary hematopoiesis sites

A

bone marrow and thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HSC stands for _____

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The majority of functional adult HSCs reside in the ____

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Within the bone marrow, HSCs can be located in either _____ regions, where they interact directly or indirectly with _____ that comprise HSC niches

A

-perivascular or endosteal
-different types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

HSC niches keep HSC in ____ and activates them when _____

A

-quiescence
-needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

extra-medullary hematopoiesis is what? happens when?

A

-blood cell formation outside bone marrow
-when sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cells that forms HSC niches

A

perivascular stromal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stromal cell secrete ____ (2)which maintain HSC niche

A

-SCF, Cxcl2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

All blood cells arise from a single type of ______ in the bone marrow

A

-pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell are rare, proliferate ___, and forms two lineages: _____

A

-slowly
-lymphoid cells
-myeloid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

lymphoid cells produces _____

A

lymphocytes

27
Q

myeloid cells produces ____ (3)

A

erythrocytes, platelets, some leukocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes)

28
Q

shape of RBC is maintained by ___

A

spectrin

29
Q

spectrin (def.)

A

a unique cytoskeleton protein forming a scaffold that holds the PM in shape

30
Q

spectrin mediates the interaction between _____

A

actin filaments and the plasma membrane

31
Q

spectrin forms long, flexible ____, binding to a junctional complex (with _____ ) and the network is anchored to PM by ____ (2)

A

heterodimers and heterotetramers
-F-actin
-ankyrin, adducin

32
Q

hereditary anemias can be due to mutations in ____ and causes RBC to be ____

A

-spectrin
-easily lysed

33
Q

Advantages of biconcave shape of RBC

A

-high SA to V ratio causes hemoglobin close to cell surface for gas exchange
-flexibility
-minimal tension when the volume of cell alters

34
Q

How RBC get their biconcave shape?

A

myosin interacts with spectrin-actin complex on membrane to cause contraction/tension leading to biconcave shape

35
Q

inhibition of myosin & actin interaction in RBC results in ____

A

loss of biconcave shape

36
Q

leukocytes aka ____

A

white blood cells

37
Q

leukocytes are split into 2 groups based on ______

A

the density of their cytoplasmic granules

38
Q

two groups of leukocytes

A

-granulocytes
-agranulocytes

39
Q

granulocytes characteristics

A

-type of WBC with cytoplasmic granules
-has lobulated nucleus

40
Q

agranulocytes characteristics

A

-type of WBC without granules
-spherical, slightly bent nucleus

41
Q

types of granulocytes (3)

A

-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil

42
Q

types of agranulocytes (2)

A

-lymphocyte
-monocyte

43
Q

_____ primary granules or_____

A

-Azurophilic
-lysosomes

44
Q

Primary granules description? role? contain?

A

-large, dense vesicles
-killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms
-proteases and antibacterial proteins

45
Q

Secondary granules description? role?

A

-smaller, less dense vesicles
-secretion of ECM-degrading enzymes like collagenases, delivery of bactericidal proteins to phagolysosomes, insertion of new PM components

46
Q

nuclear morphologies of WBC are ____; some cells can be ____

A

-varied
-polynucleated

47
Q

Possible reasons that WBC have polymorphic nuclei (3)

A

-flexibility when passing through small gaps
-low lamin A:B ratio similar to Progeria causing lobulated nucleus
-formation of extracellular traps by extending nuclear membrane

48
Q

Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps has two pathways: _____

A

-NETosis (slow cell death)
-Non-lytic NETosis (rapid release from live cells)

49
Q

NETosis involves ______ (4)

A

-disassembly of nuclear envelope
-chromatin decondensation
-PM rupture
-release of NETs (DNA which is gooey and can trap bacteria)

50
Q

Non-lytic NETosis involves _____

A

-expulsion of nuclear chromatin
-extracellular assembly of NET (that traps bacteria)
-this produced anucleate cell that can eat bacteria but is not dead

51
Q

Lymphocytes size? shape of nuclei? description?

A

-6-15 um in diameter in circulation
-spherical nucleir
-smallest leukocytes

52
Q

lymphocytes are separated into 3 groups based on _______

A

cluster of differentiation or CD marks

53
Q

3 groups of lymphocytes

A

-T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

54
Q

T lymphocytes differentiate where? B cells, NK cells?

A

-thymus
-bone marrow

55
Q

platelets also called ____

A

thrombocytes

56
Q

platelets size? function? interesting characteristic?

A

-2-4 um in diameter
-promote blood clotting (has granules with clotting proteins)
-not a cell but cell fragments; anucleated

57
Q

Platelets originate by fragmentation from mature ______

A

-megakaryocytes

58
Q

megakaryoblast mature to form _____

A

megakaryocytes

59
Q

megakaryoblast size? megakaryocytes size?

A

-25-50 um
-up to 150 um

60
Q

megakaryocytes have several _____ and one has a _____ nucleus from _______

A

-nucleoli (plural for nucleolus-ribosome production)
-polyploid
-endomitosis

61
Q

endomitosis (def.)

A

repeated rounds of DNA replication without cytokinesis

62
Q

Polyploidization in megakaryocytes results from a ______

A

-late reversal of cytokinesis

63
Q

megakaryocytes lack of cleavage furrow is due to lack of ____

A

myosin

64
Q

Platelets originate by ______

A

fragmentation from mature megakaryocytes

CELL 302 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions