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CELL 302 > Lecture A5, A6 > Flashcards

Lecture A5, A6 Flashcards

1
Q

Changes in cell fate are caused by _____

A

-heritable changes in gene expression

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2
Q

changes in gene expression are done by ______(4)

A

-Gene regulatory proteins (Coactivator,Corepressor)
-General transcription factors
-DNA methylation
-Histone methylation

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3
Q

aging is defined by _____

A

loss of stem cell population

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4
Q

stem cell: each daughters cell produced can _____

A

either remain a stem cell (self-renewal pathway) or become terminally differentiated

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5
Q

exceptions of stem cells

A

-both differentiate
-both remain stem cell

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6
Q

______ regulate how a stem cell divides into two daughters that have different fates

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors

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7
Q

extrinsic factors that determine fate of stem cell

A

-signalling proteins (morphogens)
-cell-cell contact

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8
Q

environmental asymmetry (def.)

A

-the location-dependent extrinsic factor that determine stem cell fate (aka differences in environment determine stem cell fate)

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9
Q

divisional asymmetry (def.)

A

-the intrinsic factor that determine stem cell fate (aka unequal cell division of cell contents like TFs determine stem cell fate)

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10
Q

morphogens can work directly in _______ or via _____

A

-receiving cells (steroid hormone)
-ligand/cell surface receptor pairing

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11
Q

morphogens are ____ that work through ______

A

-extrinsic factors
-autocrine signalling and concentration dependent response

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12
Q

concentration dependent response (def.)

A

concentration of substance (ex. morphogens) determines tissue patterning and cell differentiation

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13
Q

niche (def.)

A

all the environmental/extrinsic factors present for cell (determines cell fate)

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14
Q

when stem cell divide, the orientation of _____ plays a role in developing asymmetry

A

spindle apparatus

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15
Q

Transit amplifying cells are derived from ______

A

stem cell daughter that is committed to differentiation

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16
Q

Transit amplifying cells are not ___ but are _____ and divide multiple times before ____

A

-terminally differentiated
-committed
-becoming terminally differentiated

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17
Q

Stem cells remain in a ‘primitive’ state which means that _____

A

relatively few ‘terminal differentiation’ genes are
active

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18
Q

Commitment (def.)

A

one daughter starts expressing genes characteristic of a specific cell lineage

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19
Q

Lineage (def.)

A

-progressive cell division/differentiation events
leading to a specific type of terminally differentiated cell

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20
Q

Transit amplifying cells aka ______

A

committed progenitor cell

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21
Q

the production of a specific cell type might be regulated by these parameters: ____ (7)

A
  1. Frequency of stem cell division
  2. Prob. of stem cell death
  3. Prob that stem cell daughter will become committed progenitor cell
  4. Division cycle time of committed progenitor cell
  5. Probability of progenitor cell death
  6. number of committed progenitor cell division before terminal diff.
  7. Lifetime of diff. cells
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22
Q

stem cell (def.)

A

Undifferentiated cells that can, via selective cell division, proliferate (symmetric division) or
self-renew and differentiate (asymmetric division) to produce mature progeny cells

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23
Q

Totipotent (def.)

A

-can form all lineages of organism; can form an entire organism (ex. zygote and 1st cleavage blastomeres)

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24
Q

pluripotent (def.)

A

-can form all cells of the body but can’t form an entire organism (ex. embryonic SC)

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25
Q

multipotent (def.)

A

-adult stem cells that can form multiple cell types of one lineage (ex. hematopoietic SC)

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26
Q

unipotent (def.)

A

-cells form one cell type (ex. spermatogonial stem cells can only form sperm)

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27
Q

reprogramming (def.)

A

-increasing potency (aka dedifferentiation) that can be induced by nuclear transfer, cell fusion or genetic manipulation)

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28
Q

transdifferentiation, plasticity (def.)

A

the idea that somatic stem cells have broad potency and can create cells of other lineages (highly controversial in mammals)

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29
Q

3 types of SC

A

-embryonic stem cells (ESC)
-adult stem cells
-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

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30
Q

despite the many sources of adult stem cells, they ____

A

all look similar (not morphologically different)

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31
Q

iPSCs are made from ______

A

fibroblasts using reprogramming factors

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32
Q

ESC are derived from ____

A

embryo inner cell mass of the human blastocyst

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33
Q

ESC can form ____ but cannot form ______

A

-can form all the cell types of a human fetus
-cannot form the extra-embryonic tissues

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34
Q

morula has this type of cells? blastocyst?

A

-totipotent
-pluripotent

35
Q

stem cell pop’n in your body is typically ___

A

unipotent

36
Q

During germ layer formation, signalling molecules act in 3D to _____ which ______

A

-induce the creation of the primitive streak
-gives rise to neural crest

37
Q

Neural crest cells (NCC) are _____

A

-multipotent cells that migrate throughout the embryo and later differentiate into multiple cell types

38
Q

NCC differentiate into: ______ (3)

A

-the peripheral system
-cranio-facial cartilage and bones
-pigment and endocrine cells

39
Q

gastrulation leads to _____ SC becoming _____

A

-pluripotent
-multipotent

40
Q

ESC injected into blastocyst become ____

A

incorporated into inner cell mass of host and forms a healthy chimeric cells

41
Q

ESC experiences _____ as stem cells commit to a lineage

A

progressive changes in epigenetic marks

42
Q

niche (def.)

A

a specialized environment within the adult body that maintains conditions such that cells can remain in an undifferentiated state (ex. bone marrow)

43
Q

loss of niche = _____

A

loss of SC

44
Q

the niche of adult stem cells are formed by ____ (3)

A

-paracrine + autocrine signalling
-surrounding matrix (ex. sugars, proteins etc.)
-other cells (ex. osteoblasts in bone marrow)

45
Q

4 genes were necessary for the reprogramming for fibroblasts to form iPSC: ______

A

OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC

46
Q

general lineage steps

A

1) stem cells
2) progenitor cells
3) precursor cells (blasts)
4) mature cells

47
Q

lineage cells that have potentiality

A

1) stem cells
2) progenitor cells -least

48
Q

lineage cells that have lot of mitotic activity

A

1) stem cells
2) progenitor cells
3) precursor cells (blasts)- highest

49
Q

lineage cells that have self-renewing capacity

A

1) stem cells
2) progenitor cells- least

50
Q

lineage cells that have typical morphological characteristics

A

1) precursor cells (blasts)
2) mature cells - most

51
Q

lineage cells that have differentiated functional activity

A

1) mature cells

52
Q

lineage cells that are unders greatest influence of growth factors

A

1) progenitor cells
2) precursor cells (blasts)

53
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) (def.)

A

the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells

54
Q

HSC are derived from this lineage?

A

mesoderm

55
Q

HSC are produced first by _____ then by _____

A

-yolk sac (extraembryonic)
-embryo itself

56
Q

Primitive HSCs are produced in _____

A

blood islands in the yolk sac (extraembryonic mesoderm)

57
Q

Definitive HSCs are produced ______ and form _____

A

-in aortic region in the embryo
-long term HSC that migrates to bone marrow

58
Q

The location of your definitive HSC _____

A

changes during your lifetime

59
Q

at prenatal 1-2 months, HSC is where?

A

yolk sac

60
Q

at prenatal 2-6/7 months, HSC is where?

A

liver & spleen

61
Q

at 7-birth months, HSC is where?

A

bone marrow

62
Q

postnatally, HSC is where?

A

-tibia, femur (till age 20-30)
-vertebra, sternum, rib

63
Q

HSC in adult body _____ as you age

A

-decrease (biggest drop at 40)

64
Q

HSC lineage example

A

1) long term HSC
2) short term HSC
3) multilineage progenitors
4) unilineage progenitors
5) terminally differentiated cells

65
Q

Niche of HSC in bone marrow created by _______

A

-Osteoblast (secretes mineralized bone material)
-HSC
-Stromal Cells
-Extracellular matrix
-transit amplifying (TA) cells from other adult stem cell populations

66
Q

stromal cells (def.)

A

-adult stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, and other types of cells (mesenchymal)

67
Q

Wnt & HSC

A

Wnt promotes HSC proliferation & differentiation

68
Q

NOTCH & HSC

A

NOTCH promotes HSC proliferation & inhibits differentiation

69
Q

HSCs are released from the bone marrow to replenish blood cells under the control of ______ and ______ which is why eating spicy food increasing HSC in blood

A

-involuntary nerves
-Pain-sensing nerves

70
Q

general bone marrow niche

A

-HSCs
-MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells)
-Osteoclasts break down bone (remodelling)
-Fibronectin (part of ECM)
-Endothelial cells (form the blood vessels)

71
Q

MSCs (Mesenchymal stem cells) (def.)

A

-fibroblast-like cells that can differentiate into cells of several tissues

72
Q

MSC differentiate into ______ (8)

A

-cartilage
-bone
-fat (adipose)
-muscle
-tendon
-hematopoietic supporting marrow stroma
-hepatocytes (less common)
-neural tissue (less common)

73
Q

Intestinal stem cells (ISC) differentiate into ____ (4)

A

-paneth cell (secrete antimicrobial factors)
-enteroendocrine cell (secrete hormones)
-goblet cell (secrete mucous)
-enterocyte (absorb stuff)

74
Q

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSC) differentiate into _________ (2)

A

-infundibulum cell (forms hair follicle)
-sebocyte (sebum cell)

75
Q

Bmps/TGFB & ISC

A

Bmps/TGFB inhibits ISC proliferation

76
Q

Wnt & ISC

A

Wnt promotes ISC proliferation

77
Q

The skin increases in differentiation as it ____

A

goes up

78
Q

secreted factors of skin epithelia

A

Wnt and EGF

79
Q

Wnt & HFSC

A

Wnt promotes HFSC proliferation and prevent differentiation

80
Q

Some adult stem cells are a dedicated cell population, and some can be _____

A

-induced ‘as needed’ by local changes in signaling and transcription

81
Q

Satellite cells (def.) Following muscle damage, they begin both to _____

A
  • a dedicated (professional) population of muscle stem cells
    -self-renew and to terminally differentiate into
    mature muscle cells called myofibres
82
Q

The liver contains no known ______. Following damage, these unipotent progenitors can acquire _____ from which they can ______

A

-professional stem cells
-a bipotential progenitor state (facultative stem
cell)
-self-renew and give rise to both hepatocytes and duct cells

83
Q

professional vs facultative SC

A

professional: always present/dedicated
facultative: unipotent ell turns back into progenitor to renew other cell types

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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