Lecture A4 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is necessary to create the ___ different cell types in human body from a single cell zygote

A

-cell division
-200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

5 types of proteins that regulate the cell cycle

A

I. Growth Factors
II. Growth Factor Receptors
III. Signal Transduction Proteins
IV. Transcription Factors
V. Cell-Cycle Regulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phases of the cell cycle

A

-Go
-G1
-S (DNA replication)
-G2
-M (nuclear division)
-Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Go phase (def.)

A

is a form of the resting state, or quiescence, in which cells reside until they receive appropriate signals that tell them to enter cell cycle (G1 extended)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Go cells are ____

A

quiescent (doing their specialized tasks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most of your cells are in this phase: ____

A

Go

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ control progression through the cell cycle

A

Cyclin and Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK) proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cyclins associated with Go

A

-Cyclin D
-CDK4
-CDK6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cyclins associated with G1 (before restriction point in late G1)

A

-G1 cyclins
-Cyclin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cyclins associated with G1 (after restriction point in late G1)

A

-Cyclin E
-CDK2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cyclins associated with early S

A

-S cyclins
-S-phase-promoting factor(SPF) (CDK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyclins associated with S

A

-Cyclin A
-CDK2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cyclins associated with end of G2/start of M

A

-M cyclins
- M-Phase-promoting factor (MPF) -CDK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cyclins associated with M

A

-Cyclin B
-CDK1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

APC is ____ and does what?

A

-Anaphase-promoting complex
-a ubiquitin ligase that marks cell cycle proteins for degradation to cause anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

end of G1 phase is marked by _____

A

degradation of G1 cyclins, cyclin E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

end of S phase is marked by _____

A

degradation of S cyclins, cyclin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

end of M phase is marked by _____

A

degradation of M cyclins, cyclin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Go cells don’t pass this point?

A

restriction point

20
Q

Cyclin D builds when? peaks when?

A

-G1
-G1

21
Q

Cyclin E builds when? peaks when?

A

-G1
-G1/S

22
Q

Cyclin A builds when? peaks when?

A

-G1/S
-S

23
Q

Cyclin B builds when? peaks when?

A

-S
-M

24
Q

Go cells partly _____ and exit the cycle to _____ state

A

-disassemble their cell-cycle control system
-specialized, non-dividing state

25
Q

Go state and its reversibility is dependent on _____

A

cell type

26
Q

cell cycle length depends on _____

A

time spent in G1/Go

27
Q

______ are in a terminally differentiated G0 state

A

Neurons and skeletal muscle cells

28
Q

terminally differentiated G0 state means that ______

A

the molecules of the cell-cycle control system are no longer expressed and cell division never occurs

29
Q

Type of cells in Go but are not terminally differentiated Go+ situation that makes them enter cell cycle

A

-hepatocytes (stimulated to divide if the liver
is damaged)
-lymphocytes (need)

30
Q

Maintenance of __________ (4) needs constant cell division so they are most affected by _____

A

-skin, blood, hair, gut
-chemotherapy

31
Q

gut stem cells are found where? then they differentiate + migrate to _____

A

-the bottom of the crypts
-the top and undergo apoptosis

32
Q

what is scarring?

A

failure of cell division + cell differentiation

33
Q

signalling pathways that control cell diversity also impact _____

A

the cell cycle

34
Q

Mitogens are ______

A

subset of cell-extrinsic signalling molecules that can modify the cell cycle

35
Q

master TF that controls cell cycle

A

Myc

36
Q

Myc (def.)

A

a transcription factor that regulates cell cycle genes like CycD and E2F and itself

37
Q

SCF (def.)

A

a factor that regulates degradation of Cyclin proteins

38
Q

E2F (def.)

A

a transcription factor that regulates key cell cycle genes and entry into S phase

39
Q

Myc gene is activated through ____

A

Ras- Map K pathway

40
Q

In G1 cells, E2F is activated by _____

A

the inhibition of Rb (which normally inhibits E2F) by cyclin D1-CDK4 complex

41
Q

In non-proliferating cells, E2F is _____

A

inhibited by active Rb

42
Q

In proliferating cells, E2F is _____

A

activated by release of inactivated Rb that as been phosphorylated by active cyclin D1-CDK4 complex

43
Q

_____ acts as an anti-mitogen inducing cells _____

A

-TGF-β
-to enter G0

44
Q

Anti-mitogens are also called _____

A

-anti-growth factors

45
Q

Commitment (def.)

A

a change in gene expression has occurred but the effect of the translated proteins has not yet been realized

46
Q

______ is needed to make neurons from neuronal progenitor cells

A

Entry into G0 coupled with expression of proneural
transcription factors