Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CELL 302 > Lecture A10, A11 > Flashcards

Lecture A10, A11 Flashcards

1
Q

fertilization (def.)

A

sperm meets egg (haploid + haploid = diploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sperm is the only human cell type that has ______

A

a flagellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sperm evolved specifically for _____

A

the delivery of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

head of sperm contains _______

A

acrosomal vesicle, haploid nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

midpiece of sperm contains _____

A

a lot mitochondria to propel movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the flagellum of sperm is _____

A

the motile part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sperm is produced by _____

A

spermatogium through meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

maturing spermatogonium remains ________ throughout their differentiation

A

connected by cytoplasmic bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in the process of sperm differentiating, this happens?

A

most of the cytoplasm is discarded as residual bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

process of sperm production

A

1) spermatogonium
2) spermatogonia
3) primary spermatocytes
4) secondary spermatocytes
5) spermatids
6) differentiating spermatids
7) mature spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

unipotent sperm cells

A

spermatogonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary spermatocytes becomes secondary spermatocytes through ______

A

first meiotic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

secondary spermatocytes becomes spermatids through ______

A

secondary meiotic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

spermatogonium becomes spermatogonia becomes through ______

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

niche of oocyte is _____

A

the ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cells that creates oocyte niche

A

granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

granulosa cells produces ____ which do what?

A

-steroids (ex. estradiol) and growth factors
-that interact with oocyte during its development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

following ovulation, the granulosa cells do what?

A

changes into luteal cells that produce progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

steps of oocyte production

A

1)primordial follicles
2)primary follicle
3)secondary/antral follicle
4)mature/graafian follicle
5)corpus luteum
6)corpus albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

primordial follicles comes from _____

A

oocyte stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

corpus luteum & corpus albicans are from _______

A

granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

zona pellucida (def.)

A

specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the PM of oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

corpus luteum & albicans function

A

hormone signalling that encourage fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

generally, how many oocyte finishes differentiation each month from puberty until menopause?

A

one oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stage of oocyte in primary follicle

A

-primary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

stage of oocyte in secondary follicle

A

-primary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

stage of oocyte in mature follicle

A

-secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how many polar bodies produced in oogenesis?

A

2 polar bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

egg and sperm are both derived from _____

A

primordial germ cells (PGCs)/ stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

PGCs are not ______

A

part of 3 germ layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

lineage of oocyte from PGCs

A

-PGCs migrate
-oogonia proliferate and germ cell nest form
-nest breakdown
-primordial follicle formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

at week 3, human PGCs are ______

A

specified early during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

early PGCs in ______ move forming the _______ with ______

A

-yolk sac
-genital ridge
-migratory/gonadal PGCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Imprinting (def.)

A

epigenetic information that controls which allele is expressed (paternal vs maternal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

imprinting is ______ in somatic cell during embryonic development

A

maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

imprinting is ______ in PGCs during germ cell development

A

removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

imprinting is ______ in gametes during gametogenesis

A

re-established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

imprinting is ______ in iPS cell during induced pluripotent stem cell development

A

maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

majority of genes are not _______

A

imprinted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

mendelian rules are not followed if ____

A

genes are imprinted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

example of imprinting

A

DNA methylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

NANOG encodes a ________ that _____ by ______

A

-homeobox transcription factor
-helps embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain pluripotency
-suppressing cell determination factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

signalling that PGC specification

A

WNT/BMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

genes that program germ line cells (part of PGC circuitry)

A

PRDM1
PRDM14
TFAP2C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

genes that program pluripotency genes (marks stem cells)

A

OCT4
NANOG

46
Q

________ (also known as Blimp1) does what ?

A

-PR domain zinc finger protein 1 (Prdm1)
- is a repressing TF of somatic genes

47
Q

Loss of Prdm1 blocks _____ in mice

A

-primordial germ cell formation

48
Q

PRDM14 does what?

A

suppresses somatic genes and activates germ cell genes

49
Q

AP2γ is what?

A

a HLH protein, encoded by the Tcfap2c gene - Transcription factor ap2 c (c = γ)

50
Q

AP2y does what?

A

locks in transcription state

51
Q

Parthenogenesis (def.)

A

A form of reproduction where the egg develops into an embryo without being fertilized by a sperm. Derived from the Greek words for “virgin birth”

52
Q

Embryoid bodies are _____ that can ______

A

-3D aggregates of pluripotent stem cells
-differentiate into cells of all three germ layers

53
Q

There appears to be significant functional differences between_______ with males having _____ and females having ______

A

-human adult germinal stem cells in each sex
-constantly regenerating stem cell population (spermatogonia)
-a limited number of partially differentiated oocytes (follicles)

54
Q

methods for studying human cell diversity

A

-flat (2D) cell culture
-lab animals
-organoids (3D)

55
Q

types of lab animals

A

-simple (flies)
-complex (mouse)

56
Q

easiest human cell to culture in lab

A

fibroblasts

57
Q

passage number of cell culture (def.)

A

the number of times it has been subcultured (creating multiple daughter cell culture flask)

58
Q

immortalization (def.)

A

cells from multicellular organisms which won’t normally not proliferate indefinitely but due to mutations, they have lost senescence and keep undergoing division

59
Q

primary cells (general def.)

A

normal cells directly from humans or animals

60
Q

immortalized cell lines (general def.)

A

cancer (transformed) cells derived from humans or animals

61
Q

immortalized cell lines are comprised of _____

A

a single cell type (homogenous) that can divide indefinitely

62
Q

immortalized cell lines are usually ____ and maintain _____

A

-diploid
-some degree of differentiation

63
Q

transformed cell lines have almost ____ but the disadvantage is that _____

A

-availability
-it retains less of the in vivo characteristics

64
Q

primary cell lines are derived from ______

A

excised tissue

65
Q

primary cultures are initially _____ by eventually become dominated by ______

A

-heterozygous
-fibroblasts

66
Q

primary culture lifespan

A

limited

67
Q

primary cells usually retain _____

A

many differentiated characteristics that the cells had in vivo

68
Q

stem cells are more difficult to _____

A

culture

69
Q

stem cells have the unique ability to ______

A

self-renew or to differentiate into various cell types in response to appropriate signals

70
Q

working with human cell cultures requires ______

A

aseptic environment

71
Q

primary cells will require growth on _____ to promote ______

A

-special matrixes such as collagen
-cell attachment, differentiation or cell growth

72
Q

passaging cells

A

-cells should be split more than 1:10 so seeding density will not be too low

73
Q

increasing passage number = ____

A

genetic drift and other variations

74
Q

anything inside biosafety cabinet must be _____

A

sanitized

75
Q

inorganic salts in culture medium do what?

A

maintain osmotic balance of cells and regulate membrane potential

76
Q

buffering systems in culture medium do what?

A

-main pH conditions in 7.2 - 7.4 (indicated by phenol red colour)

77
Q

carbohydrates in culture medium do what?

A

main source of energy generally in form of sugars

78
Q

vitamins in culture medium?

A

-riboflavin, thiamine and biotin

79
Q

trace elements in culture medium?

A

-zinc, copper and selenium

80
Q

FBS stands for ____

A

Fetal bovine serum

81
Q

FBS is used for ____

A

in-vitro cell culture of eukaryotic cells

82
Q

FBS is complex mix of ____

A

albumins, growth factors and growth inhibitors

83
Q

Normal cells stop proliferating once _____ but cancer cells do what?

A

-they have proliferated into a single layer
-often disregard these restraints and continue to pile on each other

84
Q

proliferation depends on contact with dish and is inhibited by _____

A

contacts with other cells

85
Q

confluency (def.)

A

the percentage of the surface of a culture dish covered by cells

86
Q

confluency is important because _____

A

cells change their behaviour with changing densities

87
Q

low-density cells usually grow _____

A

slower than 50% confluent cells

88
Q

If plate is completely confluent, cells ___

A

tend to grow slower

89
Q

changes of growth rate will influence _____

A

their genetic programming and behaviour in experiments

90
Q

steps to establish primary cell culture

A

1) tissue acquisition
2) dissection (remove dead + fatty tissue)
3) disaggregation (break ECM)
4) incubation & growth
5) separation & purification by selective media, immunomagnetic beads

91
Q

Hayflick limit (def.)

A

represents the number of times a normal human cell pop’n will divide before cell division stops (senescence)

92
Q

telomere length is considered ____

A

the molecular timer for the number of times a human cell can divide

93
Q

hayflick limit of stem cells vs. cancer cells

A

-stem cells: 50-70
-cancer cells: avoid telomere shortening

94
Q

telomere length is a key contributor to _____

A

the deleterious effects of aging process in humans

95
Q

ways to overcome Hayflick limit

A

-tumor derived cells (inefficient)
-viral gene simian virus 40 T-antigen infected cells (ex. Hek293T)
-human Telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein: makes telomeres longer

96
Q

advantages of hTERT immortalization

A

-normal cell cycle controls
-contact inhibited
-interact with substrates
-retain normal growth responses to serum & mitogens
-normal karyotype

97
Q

source of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)

A

-fertilized human embryos

98
Q

use of hESCs are dropped in recent years with _____

A

increased availability of iPSCs

99
Q

3D cell culture niche

A

ECM, cell-cell contact, O2 and nutrients

100
Q

3D cell culture is often performed in ____

A

suspension rather than in plastic dishes

101
Q

3D cell organization happens using ____

A

molecular scaffolds (natural biomaterials or synthetic polymers)

102
Q

organoids can be made from _____

A

adult SC, or PSC

103
Q

organoids (def.)

A

small organ-like structures from human cells

104
Q

KSR

A

-knockout serum replacements

105
Q

matrigel (def.)

A

a 3D scaffold

106
Q

activin A (def.)

A

part of the TGFB protein family but acts to promote proliferation instead of inhibits

107
Q

minimal media (def.)

A

salts, nutrients only no serum

108
Q

the diffusion limit (def.)

A

organoids do not have a vasculature so cells in the center become starved for O2 and nutrients

109
Q

guided differentiation

A

provision of signalling molecules at correct time and place to mirror what happens during normal development

110
Q

organizers (def.)

A

local sources of morphogens

CELL 302 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions