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CELL 302 > Lecture A9 > Flashcards

Lecture A9 Flashcards

1
Q

physiological characteristics of adipocytes

A

-insulin sensitive
-lipid storage of TAG
-secretion of endocrine hormones

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2
Q

adipocytes are insulin sensitive to control ______

A

energy production and storage

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3
Q

TAG stands for _____

A

triacylglycerol

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4
Q

adipocytes are what type of cell?

A

fat cells

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5
Q

adipocytes maintain homeostasis between ____

A

lipolysis and lipogenesis

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6
Q

Three types of adipocytes

A

-white adipocyte
-brown adipocyte
-beige adipocyte

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7
Q

both white and brown adipocyte differentiation share _____

A

key features

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8
Q

master adipogenic regulator example

A

-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y (PPAR-y)

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9
Q

adipogenic stimuli activates what?

A

-signaling pathways that coordinate TF and promote SC commitment to adipogenic fate

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10
Q

commitment to and stability of adipocyte differentiation requires _____

A

extensive epigenomic modifications

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11
Q

adipocyte generation (general)

A

fibroblastlike precursor cell –> adipocyte precursor cell accumulates lipid droplets –> fat cell

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12
Q

adipocyte proliferation is regulated by ____ (3)

A

dietary, micro-environmental and hormonal cues

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13
Q

New adipocytes are formed via the _____ and ___ of resident ______

A

-proliferation
-differentiation
-adipocyte precursor cells

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14
Q

adipocytes are formed and enlarge as needed for _____

A

story of excess dietary energy

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15
Q

Obesity (def.)

A

the excessive accumulation of body fat

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16
Q

obesity is a consequence of

A

-persistent energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure

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17
Q

obesity leads to the ____ and ____ of adipocytes

A

-hyperplasia
-hypertrophy

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18
Q

Hyperplasia (def.)

A

increase in number

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19
Q

Hypertrophy (def.)

A

increase in size

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20
Q

Hyperplasia of adipocytes involves ______

A

commitment and differentiation of stem cells/preadipocytes (vascular stroma)

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21
Q

Adipocytes can also dedifferentiate when? and redifferentiate when? in mothers.

A

1)pregnancy
2) Lactation & Involution (uterus shrink in size)

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22
Q

When pregnant, adipocytes start to _____

A

de-differentiate (become pre-adipocytes)

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23
Q

When lactating, adipocytes are now mostly _____ and start to _____

A

-pre-adipocytes
-re-diiferentiate

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24
Q

most common fat cell is ____

A

white adipocytes

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25
Q

white adipocyte function?

A

used to store energy in the form of fat

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26
Q

white adipocytes are found where? (7)

A

-subcutaneous (under skin)
-intra-abdominal
-epicardial (in the heart)
-gonadol
-gluteal
-bone marrow
-intramuscular

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27
Q

white adipocyte morphology

A

spherical

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28
Q

white adipocyte cell composition (4)

A

-single lipid droplet
-few mitochondria
-flattened peripheral nucleus
-little endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

brown adipocyte function?

A

converts chemical energy to heat to protect against cold weather without shivering (non-shivering thermogenesis)

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30
Q

brown adipocyte are found where? (5)

A

-interscapular
-paravertebral
-perirenal
-cervical
-supraclavicular

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31
Q

brown adipocyte morphology

A

-elliptical (oval)
-smaller than white adipocyte

32
Q

brown adipocyte cell composition (3)

A

-multiple small lipid droplets
-large number of mitochondria
-oval central nucleus

33
Q

beige adipocyte (def.)

A

immature cell in white fat tissue that matures to burn fat

34
Q

beige adipocyte function

A

thermogenic potential

35
Q

beige adipocyte localization

A

-found in white adipose tissue with appropriate stimuli

36
Q

beige adipocyte morphology

A

spherical

37
Q

beige adipocyte cell composition

A

-mitochondria appear after stimulation
-uniocular morphology but small lipid droplets after stimulation

38
Q

WAT stands for _____

A

white adipose tissue

39
Q

BAT stands for _____

A

brown adipose tissue

40
Q

types of WAT

A

-visceral WAT
-subcutaneous WAT

41
Q

visceral WAT examples

A

-perirenal
-retroperitoneal
-omental
-mesentric

42
Q

subcutaneous WAT examples

A

-abdominal
-gluteal
-femoral

43
Q

visceral WAT function

A

-energy storage and various adipokine secretion

44
Q

visceral WAT is correlated with ____

A

-high incidence of metabolic disorders

45
Q

subcutaneous WAT function

A

-insulating layer, energy storage and various adipokine secretion

46
Q

subcutaneous WAT is correlated with ____

A

-low incidence of metabolic disorders

47
Q

breakdown of fat and release of free fatty acids into bloodstream from adipocytes is stimulated by ______

A

nerves releasing norepinephrine

48
Q

cLD stands for ___

A

central lipid droplet

49
Q

LDM stands for ____

A

lipid droplets

50
Q

regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis in brown adipocytes pathway

A

1) B3-AR (receptor) is activated by noradrenaline which causes release of cAMP
2)cAMP activates PKA (protein kinase A)
3) PKA activates HSL (hormone-sensitive lipase), ATGL (Adipose triglyceride lipase) and perilipins on the surface of lipid droplets
4)lipases break down lipid droplets to make free-fatty acids (FFA)
5) FFA enters mitochondria to be broken down to make heat

51
Q

Perilipins reside on ____ and regulate _____

A

-surface of lipid droplets
-lipases

52
Q

Adipocytes can be formed from two different lineages: _______

A

-resident mesenchymal cells in the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue
-hematopoietic progenitors that reside in bone marrow

53
Q

mesenchymal precursors + MYF5 TF = ____

A

BAT adipocyte precursor

54
Q

mesenchymal precursors + (no MYF5 TF) = ____

A

WAT adipocyte precursor

55
Q

WAT adipocyte precursor forms ____

A

white adipocyte, beige adipocyte

56
Q

BAT adipocyte precursor forms ____

A

-brown adipocyte

57
Q

endothelial precursor forms this adipocyte?

A

white & brown adipocyte

58
Q

muscle satellite cell forms this adipocyte?

A

brown adipocyte

59
Q

MYF5 transcription factor also acts as _____

A

muscle regulatory factor (MRF)

60
Q

mesenchymal stem cells that form (pre-)adipocytes don’t receive ______

A

WNT signals

61
Q

pre-adipocytes that form adipocytes don’t receive _____

A

WNT signals

62
Q

adipogenic stimuli activates _____ which activates _______ which _____

A

-C/EBPδ/β
-PPARγ & C/EBPa
-turns on adipocyte genes

63
Q

PPARγ stands for ______

A

-Peroxisome proliferator -activatedreceptor

64
Q

PPARγ is a ______. It is highly expressed in ______

A

-nuclear receptor with fatty acids as their activating cofactor
-adipose tissues

65
Q

“Master regulator” of adipogenesis is _____

A

PPARγ

66
Q

C/EBPδ/β stands for ______

A

CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein

67
Q

C/EBPδ/β is a ______

A

bZip protein

68
Q

C/EBPδ/β is at the crossroads between ______

A

proliferation and differentiation

69
Q

early adipogenesis has these TF: _____

A

C/EBPδ
C/EBPβ

70
Q

mature adipocyte has these TF: _____

A

C/EBPa
C/EBPβ
PPARγ

71
Q

genes activate in early adipogenesis has this element: _____

A

C/EBP-Response Element

72
Q

PRDM16 (PR/SET Domain 16) function

A

transcription factor that promotes formation of brown adipocytes

73
Q

brown adipocyte precursors

A

-myf-5 precursor (muscle precursor)
-pre-adipocyte

74
Q

PR domain of PRDM16 contains ______

A
  • a ZNF-C2H2 – Zinc Finger DNA binding domain
75
Q

Suppressing PRDM16 in brown adipose cells causes them to______

A
  • change into myocytes
76
Q

Genes like _____ encode proteins that are needed in BAT cells

A

Ucp1, Cidea and Elovl3

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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