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CELL 302 > Lecture A1, A2 > Flashcards

Lecture A1, A2 Flashcards

1
Q

Only universal characteristics of human cells

A

-eukaryotic
-animal cell (not plant cell)

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2
Q

Problem with textbook depictions of human cells

A

-has a collection of all the thing that can be in a cell but most cells don’t have all these characteristics

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3
Q

Histology is the study of ______

A

-cells on slides

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4
Q

Histology involves the ________

A

-preparation of tissue samples for study under a microscope

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5
Q

Histochemistry is the study of _____

A

cells using biochemistry/chemistry

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6
Q

Histochemistry involves the ______

A

the differential staining of cells based on chemical differences of the parts

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7
Q

Cell stains are useful because ______

A

tissues are mostly transparent (cells are mostly made of water)

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8
Q

Appearance of cells with cell stains are specific to ______

A

cell types

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9
Q

Cell biology is the study of ______

A

cells, their inner structures and their interactions with the environment in which they exist

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10
Q

Cell biology involves a number of scientific disciplines: ________ (4)

A

physics, biochemistry, physiology, and genetics

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11
Q

4 Characteristics of human cells

A

-diverse
-change over time/ develop
-morphology reflects function
-all have the same set of genes despite morphological differences

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12
Q

mass of average human cell

A

10^-12 - 10^-11

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13
Q

number of cells in human body

A

10^13 to 10^14

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14
Q

cells in human body are mostly ______

A

-red blood cells (84%), platelets (5%), bone marrow cells (2.5%)

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15
Q

humans are mostly ______

A

blood and stuff that make up blood (platelets, bone marrow lymphocytes etc.)

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16
Q

All human cells have the _____ but not all _______

A

-same genes
-genes are active in any given cell

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17
Q

humans are a bad lab animal because ______

A

-hard to breed
-lie (hard to measure)
-very diverse

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18
Q

humans are studied in the lab by ____

A

-taking human cells to study them

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19
Q

Most human cell studies are performed _____

A

on isolated cells grown in plastic dishes

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20
Q

HeLa cells characteristics

A

-can grow on plates
-more chromosomes in cell than regular 46
-transformed (cervical cancer cell)

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21
Q

stage where humans cells are all identical

A

8 cell stage (all similar without differentiation)

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22
Q

progression steps: zygote –> _____ –> ______ —-> ______

A

-morula
-blastula
-gastrula

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23
Q

morula (def.)

A

solid mass of blastomeres from multiple cleavages of zygote

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24
Q

blastula (def.)

A

hollow sphere of blastomeres with inner fluid filled cavity

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25
Q

blastula (descr.)

A

-has inner blastocoel (inner fluid cavity)
-has outer blastoderms (single layer embryonic epithelial tissue)

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26
Q

blastula grows and forms this next cell stage: ______

A

gastrula

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27
Q

gastrula is considered true human cells because the cells experience ______

A

cell differentiation

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28
Q

gastrula (def.)

A

early multicellular embryo, composed of 3 germinal layers of cells from which the various organs later derive.

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29
Q

gastrula 3 layers descriptions

A

-ectoderm (outer)
-mesoderm (middle)
-endoderm (inner)

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30
Q

blastopore is _______ (def.)

A

opening of the central cavity of gastrula

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31
Q

Gastrulation consists of ______

A

invagination of the blastomeres of one side of the blastula and cell differentiation leading to 3 layers

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32
Q

ectoderm forms ______ (3)

A

-outer surface (the skin cells of epidermis)
-central nervous system (neurons)
-neural crest (pigment cells - melanocytes)

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33
Q

mesoderm forms _____ (5)

A

-notochord
-skeletal muscle cells
-kidney cells
-red blood cells
-head (facial muscle)

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34
Q

endoderm forms ______ (3)

A

-digestive tube (ex. pancreatic cell)
-pharynx (ex. thyroid cell)
-respiratory cells (ex. lung cell)

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35
Q

What establish human cell diversity?

A

differences in gene expression

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36
Q

human cells are sorted into categories based on ______

A

their roles in the body

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37
Q

specialized cell for this activity: movement

A

muscle and other contractile cells

38
Q

specialized cell for this activity: adhesive and tight junctions

A

epithelial cells

39
Q

specialized cell for this activity: secrete parts of ECM

A

fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage

40
Q

specialized cell for this activity: covert stimuli into action potentials

A

neurons and sensory cells

41
Q

specialized cell for this activity: secrete degradative enzymes

A

digestive glands

42
Q

specialized cell for this activity: secrete glycoproteins

A

mucous glands

43
Q

specialized cell for this activity: secrete steroids

A

adrenal gland, testis and ovary

44
Q

specialized cell for this activity: ion transport

A

kidney and salivary gland ducts

45
Q

specialized cell for this activity: intracellular digestion

A

macrophages and neutrophils

46
Q

specialized cell for this activity: lipid storage

A

fat cells

47
Q

specialized cell for this activity: metabolite absorption

A

intestine cells

48
Q

Cell differentiation depends on changes in _____ rather than on any changes in the _______

A

-gene expression
-nucleotide sequence of the cell’s genome

49
Q

______ of a few key ______ drives cell differentiation.

A

-Combinatorial control
-gene regulatory proteins (transcription factors)

50
Q

There are ______ genes in the human genome (approximately)

A

21306

51
Q

Number of unique cell types in human cells

A

200 unique cell types

52
Q

Type of proteins produced by the cell (5)

A

-transcription factors
-structural proteins
-enzymes
-signaling proteins
-organelle proteins

53
Q

Differences in _____ provide cells with its unique properties and functions

A

protein expression

54
Q

asymmetric division (def.)

A

sister cells are born different due to asymmetric inheritance of cellular components (e.g. proteins, RNAs) during mitosis

55
Q

symmetric division (def.)

A

sister cells are born the same (equal inheritance) but become different as result of influence acting on them after their birth

56
Q

Genes are encoded in ____

A

DNA which is in the nucleus

57
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into _____

A

chromatin

58
Q

euchromatin (def.)

A

transcriptionally active genes which are packaged less tightly

59
Q

heterochromatin (def.)

A

repressed genes which are packaged more tightly

60
Q

Types of transcription factors

A

1) activators
2) repressors
3) other TF

61
Q

activator proteins do what?

A

bind to pieces of DNA called enhancers which causes the DNA to bend, bringing the gene promotor close to the proteins

62
Q

other TFs + activator proteins = _____

A

protein complex that binds to gene promoter

63
Q

the complex formed by activator proteins and other TF makes it ______

A

easier for RNA polymerase to attach to promoter and start transcribing

64
Q

transcriptional memory means that ______

A

once a cell becomes a type of cell, it has to stay that type of cell

65
Q

TFs are _____ (def.)

A

multi-protein complexes that are assembled on the DNA

66
Q

TFs function (def.)

A

-can enhance or repress transcription from a gene

67
Q

Function of TF changes depending on _____

A

the various proteins present

68
Q

TF that you should know + (most -> least)

A

-ZNF-C2H2 – Zinc Finger (most)
-HLH - Helix-Loop-Helix (or Homeodomain (Homeobox))
-bZIP - Basic Leucine Zipper
-ZNF-GATA - Zinc finger protein that binds GATA (least)

69
Q

Human TF genes are located where?

A

-in cluster within our chromosomes

70
Q

TFs that bind to activate genes that specify hepatocyte (liver) cell (5)

A

-HNF1
-HNF3
-HNF4
-C/EBP
-AP1

71
Q

HNF1 (def.)

A

hepatocyte-specific homeobox

72
Q

HNF3 (def.)

A

hepatocyte-specific bHLH

73
Q

HNF4 (def.) + expressed where?

A

-nuclear receptor that also is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells and kidney tubule cells

74
Q

C/EBP (def.) + expressed where?

A

a bZip that also is expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, fat cells, and some neurons

75
Q

AP1 (def.) + expressed where?

A

a small family of bZip proteins that are expressed in virtually all cell types

76
Q

Potential (def.)

A

Cells with greater ‘potential’ can divide and differentiate
into a greater number of different types of cells

77
Q

Specification (def.)

A

Cells have achieved a final fate

78
Q

during development, human cells become more _____ and lose _____ in terms of their cell fate

A

-specific
-potential

79
Q

Short term genetic memory of changes in gene transcription involves ______

A

TFs that regulate their own genes (increasing their production)

80
Q

Short term genetic memory is lost during ______ because _____

A

-DNA replication (S-phase)
-TFs are removed as DNA is unwound and copied

81
Q

Long term genetic memory is _____

A

epigenetics

82
Q

Epigenetics involves ______ through _____ or ________

A

-heritable changes in chromatin that are not encoded in the DNA
-changes in chromatin structure by methylation
-by binding proteins to chromatin that block access to TFs and RNA polymerase

83
Q

changes in chromatin structure regulate access to ______

A

coactivators/repressors and other TFs

84
Q

Type of Histone Modifications

A

-methylation
-acetylation
-phosphorylation

85
Q

Type of DNA Modifications (base level)

A

DNA base methylation (ex. cytosine)

86
Q

DNA methylation is re-established by regulatory proteins ________ during the ______

A

-demethylases (remove)/ methyl transferase (add)
-cell cycle

87
Q

long term epigenetic memory of gene activation/repression proteins are ______

A

maintained through the cell cycle

88
Q

proteins that block access to TF and RNA polymerase II by binding to chromatin often recognize ____

A

methylated DNA bases

89
Q

methylation of histone amino-terminal tail = _____

A

heterochromatin (condensed)

90
Q

acetylation of histone amino-terminal tail = _____

A

euchromatin (relaxed)

91
Q

number of TFs that create human cell diversity

A

510

92
Q

Most TF in human body are _____ and some are _____

A

-tissue specific
-ubiquitous : expressed in different cell types

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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