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CELL 302 > Lecture B5, B6 > Flashcards

Lecture B5, B6 Flashcards

1
Q

liver is an organ associated with _____. size?

A

-the digestive tract
-largest internal organ

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2
Q

functions of liver

A

-exocrine and endocrine functions
-production of bile
-nutrients absorbed in small intestine are processed in liver before distribution through out the body

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3
Q

Bile function

A

needed for the emulsification, hydrolysis and uptake of fats in duodenum

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4
Q

75% of the blood entering the liver is _____ and comes from _____

A

-nutrient rich but oxygen poor
-portal vein (blood from stomach, intestines and spleen)

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5
Q

25% of the blood entering the liver is _____ and comes from _____

A

-oxygen rich
-hepatic artery

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6
Q

cells of liver

A

-hepatocytes (majority of cells in the liver)-> functional unit
-cholangiocytes (3-5%)

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7
Q

hepatocytes function

A

-synthesis and endocrine secretion of albumin, fibrinogen, apolipoproteins, transferrin into blood
-exocrine secretion of bile components
-converts a.a into glucose (gluconeogenesis)
-detox of toxins/drugs
-a.a deamination which make urea
-storage of glucose as glycogen (triglycerides as lipid droplets)
-storage of vitamin A & other fat soluble vitamin
-remove old erythrocytes by Kupffer cells (macrophages)
-storage of iron in ferritin protein

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8
Q

cholangiocytes function

A

-line bile ducts
-regulate composition and flow of bile

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9
Q

liver formation comes from this germ layer

A

foregut endoderm

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10
Q

liver formation: budding of ___ from ventral foregut endoderm contains ______

A

-diverticula
-multipotent progenitor cells

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11
Q

liver formation also involves ____ and ____ signaling in different domains of endoderm

A

BMP (ventral midline endoderm)
FGF2 (lateral endoderm)

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12
Q

Hepatoblasts expresses ___ leading to formation of liver bud

A

Hex

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13
Q

In response to FGF2 signaling, _______ induce genes required for hepatic cell fate

A

-two pioneer transcription factors FoxA (forkhead Box A) and GATA (Zinc Finger)

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14
Q

Hepatoblasts are ______

A

-bipotental cells (hepatic progenitor cells)

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15
Q

Hepatoblasts + ______ = Hepatocytes

A

-HGF (hepatic growth factor) signals from surrounding cells

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16
Q

Hepatoblasts + ______ = Cholangiocytes

A

Gradients of Notch, Wnt, EGF, TGFβ

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17
Q

Hepatocytes descr.

A

-large cuboidal cells/polyhedral cells
-large round nuclei

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18
Q

Hepatocytes express many TF: ______

A

-HNF4
-CD133- (prominin 1)
-EpCAM

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19
Q

Cholangiocytes descr.

A

-cuboidal cells in smaller bile ducts
-columnar cells in larger ducts

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20
Q

Cholangiocytes express many TF: ______

A

SOX9
CD133+
EpCAM+

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21
Q

Liver is composed of _____ (basic functional units of liver) in which hepatocytes form ______

A

-small hepatic lobules
-hundreds of irregular plates arranged radially around a small central vein

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22
Q

hepatic sinusoid runs between ______

A

plates of hepatocytes and drain into central vein

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23
Q

Hepatocytes plates contain the portal triad between the lobules: ______

A

-venule branch of the portal vein with blood rich in nutrient and low in oxygen
-arteriole branch of hepatic artery that supplies oxygen
-one or two small bile ducts of cuboidal epithelium that are branches of the bile conducting system

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24
Q

In the lives, blood flows past and over each _______

A

hepatocyte cord “bathed in blood”

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25
Q

hepatocellular structure allows for _____

A

bidirectional cell to plasma and plasma to cell transport

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26
Q

Hepatocytes has specialized apical and basal surfaces (distinct apical and basal side) to allow ______

A

-golgi trafficking/secretion, transcytosis (endocytosis then exocytosis in same cell) and receptor mediated endocytosis

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27
Q

Bile secreted from mature hepatocytes is exported sequentially through _____ surrounded by the apical membrane of neighboring hepatocytes, _______ , _________, and, finally, the _____

A

-bile canaliculi
-intrahepatic bile ducts
-extrahepatic bile ducts
-duodenum

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28
Q

Hepatocytes are highly _____ cells. Basolateral membrane faces the _____

A

-polarized
-fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cells

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29
Q

Tight junctions between hepatocytes create ______.
Hepatocytes express _____

A

-canaliculus that surrounds each hepatocyte
-Ecadherin, but CD133-

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30
Q

Cholangiocyte (Bile ductal cells) form specifically around _____ & has high expression of ______

A

-portal vein
-Neural Cadherin and Ecadherin, CD133+

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31
Q

Canals of Hering provide the continuum between _____ and it is also the _______

A

-the hepatocyte canaliculus and the small bile ducts
-hepatic stem cell niche

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32
Q

Cholangiocytes are ______ closer to Canal of Hering and are considered _____

A

-less differentiated
-progenitor cells (repair and regeneration)

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33
Q

As we get farther from canal of hering ducts become _____

A

larger (larger cholangiocyte) & more differentiated with
distinct apical and basal domains

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34
Q

______ occurs in small and large bile ducts and determines the _______ across cholangiocytes

A

-Active biliary epithelial transport of electrolytes and solutes
-absorption or secretion of water

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35
Q

cholangiocytes has a _____ that acts as antennae like organelles to monitor _____

A

-primary cilium
-bile composition and flow

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36
Q

In hepatocytes, intracellular trafficking is specific to apical (____) and basolateral (______) membranes

A

-apical transporters/ATP binding cassette proteins
-GPI terminated proteins, basolateral targeted proteins

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37
Q

Hepatocytes arranged in ____ to fill the space between the central vein and portal vein => forms ____

A
  • cords (plates)
    -zones where specific functions runs in parallel
38
Q

Zone 1 of hepatic lobule + functions

A

-aka peripheral zone
-closest to portal triad
-glycogenesis, fatty acids oxidation, urea synthesis, cholesterol synthesis occurs

39
Q

Zone 2 of hepatic lobule + functions

A

-aka intermediate zone
-Sinusoidal capillaries carry oxygenated blood past hepatocyte to CV. Bile is secretion from the heptaocytes into the canicular channels and transported to IHBD.

40
Q

Zone 3 of hepatic lobule + functions

A

-aka pericentral zone
-closest to CV
-glycolysis, lipogenesis, glutamine synthesis and bile acid
synthesis

41
Q

cells in zone 1 are called _____

A

periportal

42
Q

cells in zone 3 are called _____

A

pericentral

43
Q

zones of lobule are ____ and are dependent on ____. This allows for ____

A

-dynamic
-gradient of Wnt, Hh signalling and hormones
-regeneration

44
Q

oxygen gradient between zones

A

-highest in zone 1
-lowest in zone 3

45
Q

Zonation of hepatic lobule is set up and regulated by ____

A

Wnt signalling and B-catenin

46
Q

in hepatic lobule, B-catenin competes with ____ for ______

A

-Hnf4 (hepatocyte nuclear factor)
-binding of targets in the nucleus with Tcf/Lef

47
Q

When zoning hepatic lobule for lipogenesis, ______

A

Hh signalling is also important

48
Q

Hepatocytes in different zones appear ___ but _____

A

-homogenous but are different in terms of metabolic activity

49
Q

WNT signalling in the zones

A

zone 3 (highest)
zone 1 (lowest)

50
Q

Liver is unique as it is highly ____; Hepatocytes are the first to _____ during regeneration and produce ______ for other cell types

A

-regenerative
-enter the cell cycle
-mitogenic signals

51
Q

Liver injury responses can be divided into two
groups: _____

A

1) activates facultative stem cells (not normally a SC - condition dependent) => hepatoycte form duct-like oval cells that have properties of both cells types
2) one that does not involve stem cells - just relgular tissue homeostasis

52
Q

Facultative stem cells are activated if ______. Marked by _____

A

-injury severe enough or hepatocytes destroyed
-CD133, EpCAM, Sox9

53
Q

Pancreas is an _____ organ

A

endocrine and exocrine

54
Q

Pancreas produces and secretes ____

A

digestive enzymes and hormones

55
Q

pancreas descr.

A

-elongated retroperitoneal organ, with a large head near the duodenum and more narrow body and tail regions that extend to the left

56
Q

exocrine cells of pancreas (______) produce ______

A

-acinar cells
-digestive enzymes, which are secreted into tiny ducts that feed into the pancreatic duct

57
Q

endocrine cells of pancreas (______) secrete ______

A

-islets of langerhans (clusters of cells)
-hormones such as insulin and glucagon directly into a capillary network, which also joins the
pancreatic duct.

58
Q

pancreas is from this embryonic germ layer?

A

foregut endoderm

59
Q

foregut endoderm + SHH+ = _____

A

intestine

60
Q

foregut endoderm + SHH- = ____

A

pancreatic bud

61
Q

pancreatic bud + NOTCH+ = _____

A

exocrine glands

62
Q

pancreatic bud + NOTCH-/Ngn3 = _____

A

endocrine glands

63
Q

pancreas formation: thickening of endoderm leads to _____. Then invagination of dorsal and ventral bud forms ____, part of which then forms _______

A

-proliferation of pancreatic progenitors
-tubes
-acinar, ducts, and endocrine cells

64
Q

pancreas: Early endoderm specified and then undergoes extensive morphogenesis and transforms from a _______ to a _____ back to a _____. Branches emerge via ______ as opposed to extension of the bud. During this morphogenesis the epithelium form into distinct _____

A

-monolayer epithelial sheet
-stratified epithelial bud
-monolayer as it forms a tubular tree
-remodeling of the epithelium
-tip and truck regions

65
Q

Pancreatic epithelium multipotent progenitor cels gives rise to _____ lineages; MPCs proliferate to make more tips and _____

A

-endocrine, exocrine and ductal
-bipotent trunk cells

66
Q

Bipotent progenitor + low NOTCH + Ngn3 =

A

endocrine progenitors

67
Q

Bipotent progenitor + high NOTCH =

A

ductal cells

68
Q

ductal cells of pancreas expresses _____

A

Sox9, Hnf1B

69
Q

mature iselts of pancreas are ____

A

vascularized and innverted

70
Q

acinar cells expresses ____

A

PTF1-L complex

71
Q

______ are the functional units of the pancreas and eroduce and secrete _____

A

-The secretory acini (exocrine)
-digestive enzymes

72
Q

Acini (rounded secretory unit) are surrounded by ______ that is supported by a ____

A

-a basal lamina
-delicate sheath of reticular fibers with a rich capillary network

73
Q

Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans (endocrine) function of the pancreas involves _____

A

-primarily smaller cells located in variously sized clusters

74
Q

Acini make up ____ of the pancreas.

A

-85-90%

75
Q

Each acinus consists of ____

A

-several serous cells surrounding a very small lumen

76
Q

serous cells of acinus descr.

A

-apical and basal side
-apini are pyramid-shaped cells oriented radially around a small lumen
-Apical zymogen granules (protein secreting)
-Round and basally located nuclei.

77
Q

Each acinus is drained by a _____ . Initial cells of duct that extend into the lumen are the _____. This duct then merges with ______

A

-short intercalated duct (squamous or low cuboidal)
-centroacinar cells
-intralobular and larger
interlobular ducts

78
Q

The centroacinar and intercalated duct cells secrete _____-
.

A

HCO3 − rich fluid that hydrates, flushes, and alkalinizes the enzymatic secretion of the acini

79
Q

Acinar cells have abundant number of ____ and zymogen granules that can make _____

A

-RER (synthesis) and golgi (concentrating step)
-20 different digestive enzymes

80
Q

Islets of the pancreas make up ____ of the
pancreas

A
  • 1 to 2 %
81
Q

Pancreatic islets are _____ embedded in the _____ . Clusters of _____ cells.

A

-clumped masses of pale-staining endocrine cells
-exocrine acinar tissue of the pancreas
-100 to 1000

82
Q

The cells of islets are _____, and more lightly stained than the surrounding _____, arranged in ______

A

-polygonal or rounded, smaller
-acinar cells
-cords separated by fenestrated capillaries

83
Q

α or A cells of islets does what?

A

secrete primarily glucagon and are usually located
peripherally

84
Q

β or B cells of islets does what?

A

produce insulin (L. insula, island), are the most
numerous, and are located centrally.

85
Q

δ or D cells of islets does what?

A

secreting somatostatin, are scattered and much less abundant

86
Q

PP cells of islets does what?

A

secretes pancreatic polypeptide

87
Q

pancreatic islet cell types

A

-α or A cells
-β or B cells
-δ or D cells
-PP cells

88
Q

Glucagon, insulin and somatostatin act in a paracrine manner to ______

A

-affect hormone release in islet cells and nearby acinar cells

89
Q

Epithelial cells usually organize their sensory and secretory functions to their ______ surface respectively

A

-apical and basolateral

90
Q

B-islet cells localize their sensory and secretory functions to the ______ (displays ____)

A

-same location at the edges where two cells faces meet at a sharp angle) and vertices
-high levels of F-actin/E-cadherin

91
Q

current evidence shows that pancreas does not have ___

A

SC pop’n

92
Q

If injury to pancreas is severe enough differentiated cells can _____

A

-dedifferentiate and in some cases become more stem cell like and participate in injury repair

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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