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CELL 302 > Lecture B7, B8 > Flashcards

Lecture B7, B8 Flashcards

1
Q

salivary glands are ___ that produce ______ which has _____ functions

A

-exocrine glands
-saliva
-digestive, lubricating and protective

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2
Q

pH of saliva? why?

A

-6.5-6.9
-buffering function

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3
Q

There are 3 pairs of salivary glands that produce ____: ______

A

-90% of saliva
-parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

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4
Q

Parotid glands, located in _____, are branched acinar glands with exclusively ____ acini that secrete ______ that initiates hydrolysis of carbohydrates and _____

A

-each cheek near the ear
-serous
-α-amylase
-antimicrobial factors

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5
Q

Submandibular glands, which produce ____ of all saliva, are branched tubuloacinar glands, having primarily _____ acini, but with many ____ tubuloacinar secretory units

A

-two-thirds
-serous
-mixed/mucus

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6
Q

Sublingual glands, the _____ of the major glands, are also considered branched tubuloacinar glands, and the main product of the gland is _____.

A

-smallest
-mucus

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7
Q

salivary glands are surrounded by ____

A

CT capsule

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8
Q

The secretion of each gland is either serous, seromucous, or mucous, depending on _____

A

-its content of the glycoprotein mucin.

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9
Q

Saliva from the parotids is _____. The submandibular and sublingual glands produce a ______. The saliva of minor glands is mostly ______.

A

-serous and watery
-seromucous secretion
-mucous

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10
Q

Saliva is modified by the cells of ____ draining the secretory units, with much ______ reabsorbed while _____ are added.

A

-the duct system
-Na+ and Cl−
-certain growth factors and digestive enzymes

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11
Q

All glands contain ______ (striated duct) and _____ (intercalated ducts)

A

-ducts of bigger diameter
-branching ducts

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12
Q

The acinar end-pieces are secretory units specialized in a _____

A

-single type of secretion (serous, mucous or mixed)

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13
Q

myoepithelial cells do what?

A

provide some contraction to help move saliva from acini

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14
Q

blood vessels & parasympathetic nerves signal ____

A

saliva & duct production

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15
Q

salivary gland formation general

A

-epithelial tissue branching into mesenchyme and cleft formation in bud cells to increase SA

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16
Q

stages of salivary gland development

A

1) initial bud stage
2) pseudoglandular stage
3) cananilcular stage
4) terminal bud stage

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17
Q

initial bud stage of salivary gland

A

proliferation of simple bud-like structure connected to epithelium by solid stalk and invaginates into mesenchyme

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18
Q

pseudoglandular stage of salivary gland

A

-formation of main stalk & budding

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19
Q

Cananlicular stage of salivary gland

A

-branching morphogenesis + myoepithelial cells

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20
Q

Terminal stage of salivary gland

A

well developed salivary gland

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21
Q

Budding stage requires this signalling pathway: ____

A

FGF

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22
Q

Pseudoglandular-Canalicular (Duct formation) requires this signalling pathway: ____

A

WNT (first in mesenchyme,bud)
HH
EGF
Notch
EDA (WNT antagonist)

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23
Q

Terminal differentiation stage requires this signalling pathway: ____

A

FGF
EGF
BMP
EDA

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24
Q

Signaling from the _____ are all required and interact with one another to regulate salivary gland development. In addition, interactions with ______ are required

A

-epithelium, basement membrane and mesenchyme
-adhesion proteins and the nervous system

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25
Q

A combination of ______ and _______ is critical to form buds

A

-strong cells matrix (high B1 integrin) on BM
-weak cell-cell adhesion (E-cadherin) in the middle

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26
Q

Mucous acinar cells descr.

A

more elongated featuring peripherally compressed basal nuclei due to high mucous production within the cytoplasm

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27
Q

Serous acinar cells descr.

A

triangular-shaped cells and round nuclei component responsible for secreting a more aqueous secretion

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28
Q

The ductal network contains the ____ that are directly connected to the _______ with a _____ layer

A

-proximal intercalated ducts
-secretory units (acini)
-single cuboidal epithelial

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29
Q

Then the striated ducts, which are functionally important to the gland for performing _____ through several _____ on their basal side.

A
  • most of the ion exchange between the initial salivary fluid and the extracellular matrix
    -membrane folding (striations)
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30
Q

Then a collecting duct (_____) is connected to
______ which is responsible for _____

A

-stratified epithelial
-all parts of the gland
-carrying the final secretion to the oral cavity

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31
Q

Myoepithelial cells have cellular extensions that are ______ contributing to expelling the salivary content to the ductal network.

A

-wrapping around the end bud structures and striated ducts,

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32
Q

serous acinar cells with secretory granules have a lot of ____

A

RER and golgi

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33
Q

Mucous cells vs serous cells under TEM

A

-mucous cells contain large hydrophilic granules (less electron dense)
-serous cells have small electron dense granules apically

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34
Q

Submandibular gland is a ______ gland with _____ being predominant.
Sublingual gland is a _____gland

A

-mixed serous and mucous
-serous cells
-mixed but largely mucous

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35
Q

In the intralobular duct system, secretory acini and tubules empty into _____ and several of these ducts join to _____

A

-short intercalated ducts, lined by cuboidal
epithelial cells,
-form a striated duct

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36
Q

The intralobular/striated ducts have a more columnar duct shape with ______

A

-many infoldings of their basolateral membrane, all aligned with numerous mitochondria (for ion uptake)

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37
Q

Striated ducts reabsorb _____ from the
initial secretion and their folded cell membranes present a ______, facilitating rapid ion transcytosis and making the secretion ______.

A

-Na+ ions
-large surface area with ion transporters
-slightly hypotonic

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38
Q

Salivary glands contain several pools of ______ able to self-renew, proliferate and give rise to differentiated ______

A

-undifferentiated progenitors
-acinar and ductal cells

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39
Q

_____ is a “master regulator” of acinar formation

A

-SOX2

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40
Q

salivary gland: Genetic removal of SOX2 inhibits ______

A

formation of acinar cells but no effect on ductal cell formation

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41
Q

Expansion of SOX2 expressing cells in salivary gland during development requires _____

A

-innervation by peripheral nerves

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42
Q

salivary gland acinar and duct lineages are maintained separately during _____ but after injury, ______

A

-homeostasis
-cellular plasticity allows those lineages to restore damaged function

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43
Q

Current regeneration approaches for salivary gland dysfunction

A

-Exogenous delivery of cells or genes
-Endogenous reactivation of resident stem cells or tissue components

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44
Q

xerostomia aka _____

A

dry mouth

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45
Q

main function of lungs

A

-exchange of O2 and CO2 to and from the blood

46
Q

respiratory system has two parts: _____ respiratory tract

A

upper and lower

47
Q

Histologically and functionally, the respiratory system has a conducting portion, which ______, and a respiratory portion, where ______, consisting of _______

A

-consists of all the components that condition air and bring it into the lungs
-gas exchange actually occurs
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli in the lungs

48
Q

Respiratory system includes the ____(3)

A

trachea, airways, and distal alveoli

49
Q

Respiratory system link to the ____ to accomplish gas exchange

A

cardiovascular system

50
Q

The epithelial lining of the trachea and bronchi is _____ containing which cells?

A

-pseudostratified
-basal cells, club cells and ciliated cells with a small number of neuroendocrine cells and goblet cells

51
Q

_____are the basic functioning units of the lungs that perform gas exchange

A

-Alveoli

52
Q

There are ______ alveoli in adult and total surface area of alveoli is ____ square meters

A

-~300-700 million
-78-100

53
Q

conducting portion of RS consists of _____

A

-nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
(Gr. bronchos, windpipe), bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

54
Q

respiratory portion of RS consists of _____

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

55
Q

Alveoli are the cellular sites of the ______ between
inspired air and blood

A

-exchange of O2 and CO2

56
Q

Alveoli are _______ structures.

A

-small, airfilled, saclike

57
Q

lung comes this germ layer?

A

foregut endoderm

58
Q

Lung endoderm specification begins on _____ of the _____ foregut endoderm where initiation of ____ expression commences

A

-the ventral side
-anterior
-Nkx2.1

59
Q

lungs: low Nkx2.1 expression = ____

A

trachea

60
Q

lungs: high Nkx2.1 expression = _____

A

budding lungs

61
Q

lungs: Sox2+, TP63 expression = ____

A

trachea + proximal airways/progentiors

62
Q

lungs: Sox9+, Id2+ expression = ____

A

distal airways/progenitors

63
Q

alveolarization stage of lungs happens when?

A

-start in utero in humans, but after birth in mice

64
Q

lungs: Early Nkx2.1 progenitors is surrounded by mesenchyme that provides these paracrine signals for lung development: ______ (2)

A
  • Wnt2 promotes expression of Nkx2.1 via βCatenin
  • Fgf10 which is essential for branching morphogenesis
65
Q

progenitors of lungs expresses ____

A

Nkx2.1

66
Q

lungs: Proximal Progenitors are all found within _____. Distal progenitors populate _____

A

-the conducting airways
-the alveoli

67
Q

proximal progentiors differintiates in _____

A

neuroendocrine and non- neuroendocrine cells, which then forms secretory, goblet and cilliated cells

68
Q

FGF10 expression in distal progenitors does what?

A

direct direction of branches

69
Q

BMP and SHH expression in distal progenitors does what?

A

restrict FGF10 signal

70
Q

Branching morphogenesis is finite as ___ are lost after birth

A

Sox9 progenitors

71
Q

cells of upper respiratory epithelium

A

-goblet cells
-ciliated cells
-basal cells
-neuroendocrine cells
-club/clara cells

72
Q

lungs: goblet cells descr.

A

-basal nuclei and apical domains have granules of mucin glycoproteins and play a role in innate immunity

73
Q

lungs: ciliated cells descr.

A

-majority of cells
-columnar cells with beating cilia to remove debris, microorganisms out of lungs
-200-300 cilia per cell on apical surface

74
Q

lungs: basal cells descr.

A

-stem cells
-mitotically active cells

75
Q

lungs: neuroendocrine cells descr.

A

-secrete serotonin and peptides to regulate rate of mucous secretion, cilia beating, and contraction smooth muscle cells

76
Q

lungs: club/clara cells descr.

A

-exocrine cells secrete surfactant to protect epithelium
-produce glycoproteins and microbial peptides
-can self renew and produce ciliated cells

77
Q

____ signalling control the balance of cells in upper RS

A
  • NOTCH
78
Q

mucous layer of RS is ___ thick

A

5 um

79
Q

mucosciliary escalator (def.)

A

cilia all beat in same direction at about 12 beats per sec

80
Q

If debris gets into the alveoli, then what happens?

A

it is engulfed by macrophages

81
Q

submucosal gland descr.

A

-Lined by goblet and serous cells
-Enter airway via single duct
-Secrete mucin, host defense, innate immune proteins, antimicrobial peptides, electrolytes
-Provide rapid response to irritants or neural stimulation via regulation of secretory activity

82
Q

Trachea / bronchi description of cells

A

-pseudostratified columnar epithelia with ciliated cells
-Club/Clara cells and goblet cells

83
Q

High numbers of the basal cells (stem cells) decrease in number as _____

A

you move towards bronchioles and alveolar cells

84
Q

Bronchioles have ______ cells which are _____ and are thought to function as _____

A

-neuroendocrine
-innervated
-airway sensors

85
Q

Bronchial wall: the epithelial lining of bronchi is _____

A

-mainly pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells with a few goblet cells
-lamina propria contains layer of smooth muscle around the bronchus
-submucosa has supporting cartilage
-the adventitia includes blood vessels & nerves

86
Q

Bronchioles size

A

very variable

87
Q

bronchioles cell descr.

A

larger bronchioles: pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
very small bronchioles: cuboidal epithelium with cilia
elastin in smooth muscle

88
Q

Ciliated cuboidal cells remove substances via ______

A

-coordinated cilia movement

89
Q

The last parts of the air conducting system before the sites of gas exchange appear are called the _____

A

terminal bronchioles

90
Q

terminal bronchioles cell descr.

A

-club cells (exocrine) and have apically granules.
-secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension to prevent collaspe
-some SC that can regenerate all cells of bronchioles

91
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch into _____, which then branch further into _____ and individual ____.

A

-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli

92
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are similar to terminal bronchioles except for the _______ along their length.

A

-presence of scattered alveoli

93
Q

bronchioles parallels ____

A

pulmonary blood vessels

94
Q

There are two types of cells in the lining of the alveoli: _____ + descr.

A

-Type I alveolar cells cover most of the wall: they are thin and flat (squamous; 80 nm) to allow gas
exchange.
-Type II alveolar cells are interspersed among them. These are plump and secrete surfactant, a phospholipid-rich material that forms a film on
the free water surfaces, which reduces ST, making it easier to re-inflate even if they collapse.

95
Q

alveolar pores are formed by ___

A

the fusion of type 1 alveolar cells in the middle

96
Q

respiratory membrane consisted of ____

A

alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane of alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium (not fenestrated)

97
Q

Surfactant contains protein -lipid complexes synthesized initially in _____

A

-the ER and Golgi apparatus

98
Q

Further processing and storage of surfactant occurs in large organelles called ______

A

-lamellar bodies (100-400 nm)

99
Q

In surfactant-producing cells the _____ are added to the lamellar bodies.

A

-vesicles in multivesicular bodies

100
Q

Surfactant is secreted continuously by_____ and forms an oily film containing _______

A

-exocytosis
-phospholipids and surfactant proteins

101
Q

Type II alveolar cells ultrastructure

A

-cuboidal cells bulging into the air space, interspersed among the type I alveolar cells
-bound to AEC1 via tight junctional complexes

102
Q

cells from highest capacity for self-renewal/regeneration

A

-(highest- constant renewal, stem, progenitor cell pop’n) intestine, hematopoiesis, hair follicle
-(fairly quiescent as adult, can regenerate after injury)lung, liver, pancreas
-(lowest-quiescent as adult, can’t really respond well after injury) heart, brain

103
Q

The lung has _____ turnover in the adult, and can _____ in response to injury

A

-very slow but continuous
-regenrate

104
Q

different progenitors of lungs

A

-Basal stem cell (BSC) - can make secretory and ciliated epithelia in trachea/bronchi, can make alveolar epithelium after extreme injury
-Neuroendocrine cell - can make secretory and ciliated epithelia after injury (limited)
-Bronchioalveolar stem cell (BASC) between bronchiolar and alveolar region- activated after injury
-AEC2- can self renew/forms AEC1 during homeostasis/after injury

105
Q

BSC is marked by ______

A

Trp63+/K5+

106
Q

BASC is marked by ______

A

Sftpc+/Scgb1a1+

107
Q

Alveolar progenitor is marked by ______

A

Sftpc-/Itgb4+

108
Q

Components of lung epithelial stem cell niche (7)

A

-intraepithelial signalling
-cell-cell adhesions
-cell-matrix adhesions
-biophysical forces
-inflammatory and immune signals
-nervous innervation
-epithelial-stromal interactions

109
Q

lung: Differentiation of either ESCs or iPSCs into specific tissue lineages can be guided by adding combinations of _____to the media at specific times during culture

A

-growth factors or small molecules (CHIR)

110
Q

BALO (def.)

A

a “mini lung” model to study cell–cell interactions

111
Q

BALO is formed by ____

A

BASC were cultured with macrophages and mesenchymal cells in Matrigel-based environments

112
Q

BALO was used to study ____

A

SARS-CoV-2 effect of lungs

CELL 302 (18 decks)

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