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Anatomy And Physiology > Lecture 9 - The Brain And Species Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - The Brain And Species Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptor Definition

A

Dendrites of Sensory Neurons

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2
Q

Sensation Definition

A

Arriving Information into the CNS

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3
Q

Perception Definition

A

Conscious Awareness of a Sensation

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4
Q

Percentage of info that reaches conscious awareness

A

~1%

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5
Q

6 General Senses

A

Temperature
Pain
Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Proprioception (Body Position)

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6
Q

5 Special Senses

A

Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Balance

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7
Q

Difference between General/Special Senses

A

General Senses use receptors all over the body
Special Senses use receptors from specific sensory organs

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8
Q

Organs used in Olfaction

A

Olfactory Organs

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9
Q

2 Parts of Olfactory Organs

A

Olfactory Epithelium
Olfactory Glands

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10
Q

Nerve used in Olfaction

A

Olfactory Nerve (I)

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11
Q

Steps of Olfaction

A

Air swirls within nasal cavity
Lipid/Water Soluble chemicals diffuse into the mucus
Olfactory Receptors stimulated
Chemicals interact with odorant binding receptors on cilia
Binding of odorants produces action potentials
Info relayed to CNS

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12
Q

Contents of Olfactory Epithelium

A

Receptor Cells
Supporting Cells

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13
Q

Olfactory Gland Function

A

Secretes mucus to coat face of olfactory organs

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14
Q

2 Mucus Function in Olfaction

A

Protects receptors on cilia from potent smells
Can dissolve chemicals

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15
Q

Common Cold Definition

A

The overstimulation of Olfactory Glands

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16
Q

Odorant Definition

A

Chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors

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17
Q

Density of Olfactory Receptor Cells

A

Between 10/20 million olfactory receptor cells packed into ~5cm2

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18
Q

Pathway of info to CNS

A

Olfactory Nerve (CN I) reaches Olfactory Bulb
Axons travel along olfactory tract to olfactory cortex

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19
Q

Trend in receptor density/smell

A

Higher Surface Area of Receptors = Heightened Sense of Smell

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20
Q

Location of Olfactory Cortex

A

In Temporal Lobe

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21
Q

Location of Taste Receptors

A

Superior surface of the Tongue

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22
Q

Taste Buds Location

A

Sides of papillae

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23
Q

Papillae Definition

A

Epithelial Projection of the Tongue

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24
Q

3 types of Papillae

A

Filiform - No Taste Buds
Fungiform - ~5 Taste Buds
Circumvallate - ~100 Taste Buds

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25
Q

Location of Fungiform Papillae

A

Front of Tongue

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26
Q

Location of Circumvallate Papillae

A

Back of Tongue

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27
Q

2 Contents of Taste Buds

A

Gustatory Cells
Supporting Cells

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28
Q

Taste Pore Definition

A

Area of where microvilli of gustatory cells extend to surrounding fluid

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29
Q

6 Taste Sensations

A

Bitter
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Umami
Water

30
Q

Function of Water Taste Sensation

A

Monitors hydration levels

31
Q

Water Receptor Location

A

Pharynx

32
Q

3 Steps of Taste Mechanism

A

Dissolved Chemicals contact microvilli
Change in membrane potential
Results in Action Potential

33
Q

Pathways of Taste Mechanism

A

Use Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Vagus (CN X)
Cranial Nerves will synapse with medulla oblongata
Info sent to the Thalamus

34
Q

Location of Gustatory Cortex

A

In Temporal Lobe

35
Q

Diameter of Eye

A

~24mm

36
Q

4 Parts of eye contacting light (in order)

A

Cornea
Pupil
Lens
Retina

37
Q

Location of sensory neurons in the Eye

A

Retina

38
Q

Function of Cornea

A

Causes Light Refraction

39
Q

Refraction Definition

A

The bending of light as it travels from one medium to another

40
Q

Cause of Short Sightedness

A

Not enough refraction of light

41
Q

Cause of Long Sightedness

A

Too much refraction of light

42
Q

Number of rods and cones in an Eye

A

~100 Million Rods
~5 Million Cones

43
Q

2 types of Photoreceptors

A

Rods
Cones

44
Q

Function of Rods (2 points)

A

Predominate periphery vision
Detect absence/presence of light

45
Q

Function of Cones (2 points)

A

Predominate Central vision
Detect colour

46
Q

Photopigments Definition

A

Light sensitive molecule in Photoreceptors

47
Q

Rhodopsin Definition

A

Main component of Photopigments

48
Q

2 Components of Rhodopsin

A

Opsin
Retinal

49
Q

Rhodopsin reaction to light

A

In the presence of light, Rhodopsin splits
This alters the flow of electrical current
Thus, action potential is produced

50
Q

5 Steps of Vision Mechanism

A

Light refracted by Cornea
Light interacts with photopigments in photoreceptors
Rhodopsin splits
Electrical flow is altered
Action Potential is produced

51
Q

Pathways of Vison Mechanism

A

2 Optic Nerves (CN II) reach Diencephalon
Nerves cross over in optic chasm
Pass through the Superior Colliculus
Nerve Reach Thalamus on the opposite side of the brain
Info reaches visual cortex

52
Q

Binocular Vision Definition

A

Field of view where both eyes are used

53
Q

Location of Visual Cortex

A

In Occipital Lobe

54
Q

Receptors used in Hearing/Balance

A

Mechanoreceptors

55
Q

3 Parts of the Ear

A

External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

56
Q

Location of Hearing Receptors

A

Cochlea

57
Q

Location of Balance Receptors

A

Semicircular Canals

58
Q

3 Components of Auditory Ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

59
Q

Tympanic Membrane Definition

A

Membrane separating Middle Ear from ear canal

60
Q

Auditory Ossicle in contact with Tympanic Membrane

A

Malleus

61
Q

4 Components of Cochlea

A

Vestibular Duct
Cochlear Duct
Tympanic Duct
Organ of Cocti

62
Q

2 windows in Bony Labyrinth of Cochlea

A

Round Window = Base of Tympanic Duct
Oval Window = Base of Vestibular Duct

63
Q

Components of Organ of Cocti

A

Basilar Membrane
Tectorial Membrane

64
Q

Movement of Stereocilia in Organ of Cocti

A

Vibration causes movement of tectorial membrane
Causes movement of cilia on receptors
Generates action potential

64
Q

6 Steps of Hearing Mechanism

A

Sound waves arrive at Tympanic Membrane
Movement of Tympanic Membrane causes displacement of auditory ossicles
Movement of Stapes at the Oval window establishes pressure waves in perilymph of the vestibular duct
Basilar membrane distorted
Vibration of Basilar Membrane causes hair cell vibration against Tectorial Membrane
Action Potential Generation

65
Q

Auditory/Equilibrium Pathways

A

Sensory Neurons located in spiral ganglion
Use Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
Enter Medulla Oblongata
Pass through Inferior Colliculus, Thalamus to reach Auditory Cortex

66
Q

Layers of Semicircular Canals

A

Bony Labyrinth
Perilymph
Membranous Labyrinth
Endolymph

67
Q

3 Semi-circular Canals

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

68
Q

Steps of Mechanism of Balance

A

Receptors respond to rotational movement
Movement leads to Fluid in cupula
Hair Cells in Cupula move
Action Potential Generation

69
Q

2 Otoliths

A

Utricle = Horizontal Linear Accelerations
Saccule = Vertical Linear Accelerations

70
Q

Function of Otoliths

A

Sense Gravity and Linear Acceleration

71
Q

4 Functions of Vestibular Nuclei

A

Integrate sensory information arriving from each side of the head
Relay information to cerebellum
Relay information to cerebral cortex
Send commands to motor nuclei in brain stem and spinal cord

Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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