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Anatomy And Physiology > Lecture 1 - Nervous System Structure > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Nervous System Structure Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of receptors:

A

Thermoreceptors,
Mechanoreceptors,
Photoreceptors,
Chemoreceptors

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2
Q

3 Functions of Nervous System

A

Monitors internal/external environments,
Integrates sensory information, Coordinates voluntary/involuntary responses

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3
Q

What are Neuroglia?

A

Neuroglia - support framework for nerve cells (neurons).

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4
Q

3 CNS Functions

A

Integrates sensory data,
Transmission of motor commands,
Coordinates higher function

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5
Q

Parts of CNS

A

Brain + Spinal Cord

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6
Q

Parts of PNS

A

Neural Tissue outside of CNS

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7
Q

2 Functions of PNS

A

Deliver sensory info to CNS,
Carry motor commands to periphery tissue

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8
Q

Main difference between CNS/PNS Functions

A

No integration of sensory data in PNS

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9
Q

Difference between Afferent/Efferent

A

Afferent = carries info from sensory receptors
Efferent = carries info to motor receptors

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10
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Somatic/Autonomic Nervous Systems

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11
Q

Function of Somatic NS

A

Coordinates conscious activity
E.g. skeletal muscle contraction

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12
Q

Function of Autonomic NS

A

Coordinates unconscious activity
E.g. heart rate, blood pressure

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13
Q

Divisions of Autonomic NS

A

Parasympathetic/Sympathetic Divisions

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14
Q

Function of Parasympathetic Division

A

Rest and Digest

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15
Q

Function of Sympathetic Division

A

Fight and Flight and Freeze responses

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16
Q

4 types of neurons

A

Anaxonic,
Bipolar,
Unipolar,
Multipolar

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17
Q

Anaxonic Neurons (3 points)

A

Found in Brain/special sense organs,
Very small,
No anatomical difference between dendrites and axon

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18
Q

Bipolar Neurons (3 points)

A

1 dendrite and 1 axon with cell body between them
Rare,
Found in special sense organs

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19
Q

Unipolar Neurons (2 points)

A

1 continuous axon with cell body lying off to the side,
Most sensory neurons are unipolar

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20
Q

Multipolar Neurons (4 points)

A

Multiple dendrites and 1 axon
Common in CNS
Contains myelin sheath
Motor neurons are multipolar

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21
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Dendrite
Axon
Cell body
Dendrite branches (sensitive to stimuli)
Axon terminals

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22
Q

Direction of action potential?

A

Down the axon

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23
Q

3 Spinal Cord Function

A

Integrates info
Controls spinal reflexes
Controls automatic motor responses

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24
Q

Number of Spinal cord segments

A

31

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25
Q

Why is white matter myelinated?

A

Found in Afferent + Efferent Divisions, so needs to be quick transmission

26
Q

Why is grey matter unmyelinated?

A

Found in inter neurons, so doesn’t need to be quick

27
Q

Function of Dorsal Root Ganglia

A

Bundle of neurons relaying sensory info from Afferent pathway to CNS

28
Q

Function of Ventral roots

A

Contain axons of motor neurons for info to be sent to efferent pathway

29
Q

Routes for Afferent/Efferent pathways into spinal cord

A

Afferent = Dorsal route,
Efferent = Ventral route

30
Q

Components of White Matter in spinal cord

A

Myelinated/Unmyelinated axons

31
Q

Components of Grey Matter in spinal cord

A

Cell bodies
Neuroglia

32
Q

2 sections of grey matter in spinal cord

A

Somatic + Visceral

33
Q

Functions of Somatic/Visceral Grey Matter

A

Somatic = conscious info
Visceral = unconscious info

34
Q

4 regions of spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

35
Q

Definition of dermatome

A

Specific region monitored by a pair of spinal nerves
Responsible for nerve pain not originating from point of injury

36
Q

5 Stages of Reflex Arc

A

Stimulus detection at receptors
Activation of sensory neuron
Info processed in CNS
Activation of motor neuron
Response by peripheral effector

37
Q

Inhibition within Withdrawal Reflex Arc

A

Flexors stimulated whilst extensors inhibited to make reflex arc more effective

38
Q

Function of Golgi Tendon Organs (3 points)

A

Senses tension in muscle contraction
Has inhibitive afferent neuron
Decreases contraction when excessive force is applied for protection

39
Q

6 regions of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata

40
Q

4 Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal

41
Q

Components/Function of Frontal Lobe

A

Pre central gyrus
Premotor Cortex
Prefrontal cortex

Voluntary motor activity

42
Q

Components/Function of Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory association area
Auditory cortex
Olfactory cortex

Initial reception of auditory info

43
Q

Components/Function of Occipital Lobe

A

Visual association area
Visual cortex

Initial reception of visual info

44
Q

Components/Function of Parietal Lobe

A

Postcentral gyrus
Somatic sensory association area

Processing sensory info

45
Q

Regions of Cerebellum (grey matter)

A

Cerebellar Cortex
Cerebellar Nuclei

46
Q

Regions of Cerebellum (white matter)

A

Arbor vitae
Cerebellar peduncles
Transverse fibers

47
Q

3 Cerebellar Peduncles + Function

A

Superior - links to midbrain/diencephalon/cerebrum
Middle - links to cerebellum/pons
Inferior - links to medulla oblongata/spinal cord

48
Q

Regions of Diencephalon (5 points)

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland

49
Q

Function of midbrain

A

Processing of audio and visual info

50
Q

Regions of midbrain (4 points)

A

Tectum
Walls + Floor
Nuclei
Cerebral Peduncles

51
Q

Components/Functions of Tectum (2 points)

A

Superior colliculus - process info/initiate response for visual stimuli
Inferior colliculus - process info/ initiate response for auditory stimuli

52
Q

Components/Functions of Walls/Floor (3 points)

A

Substantia nigra - regulation of basal nuclei
Red nucleus - subconscious control of upper limb position/background muscle tone
Reticular formation - automatic processing of involuntary responses

53
Q

Regions of Pons (5 points)

A

Descending/Ascending Tracts
Transverse fibers
Apneutic/Pneumotaxic centres
Reticular formation
Cranial Nerves

54
Q

Function of Pons

A

Links cerebellum to mesencephalon, Diencephalon, cerebrum and spinal cord

55
Q

Physical protection in the brain (3 points)

A

Cranium bones
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

56
Q

Biochemical Isolation in the brain (2 points)

A

Blood brain barrier
CNS isolation from circulatory system

57
Q

Function of Cranial meninges

A

Protects the brain from cranial trauma

58
Q

3 Layers of Cranial Meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

59
Q

Functions of Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Cushion, support, transport of nutrients and chemicals/waste products

60
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid properties

A

Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
Interchanged with interstitial brain fluid
CSF same density and brain fluid

61
Q

12 Cranial Nerves

A

I - Olfactory - Sensory
II - Optic - Sensory
III - Occulomotor - Motor
IV - Trochlear - Motor
V - Trigeminal - Both
VI - Abducens - Motor
VII - Facial - Both
VIII - Vestibulocochlear - Sensory
IX - Glossopharyngeal - Both
X - Vagus - Both
XI - Accessory - Motor
XII - Hypoglossal - Motor

62
Q

Grooves in Spinal cord

A

Fissure > Sulcus

Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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