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bio 2010 > lecture 9 review > Flashcards

lecture 9 review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the force of muscle contraction depend on

A

the force of muscle contraction depends on the number of cross bridges

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2
Q

what is the number of cross bridges related to

A

the number of muscle fibers that are stimulated

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3
Q

what is muscle recruitment

A

so muscle recruitment is the number of muscle fibers that are stimulated in response to a stimulus.

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4
Q

if you want more contraction what do you need

A

As more muscle fibers are recruited and stimulated, then you will have more muscles contraction

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5
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

. Remember that hypertrophy is an increase in the size of a cell

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6
Q

hypertrphy can increase due to…

A

exercise

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7
Q

list the 4 things that force of contraction depends on

A

1- number of muscle fibers
2relative size of fibers
3frequency of stimulation
4 degree of muscle strength

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8
Q

as more muscle fibers are recruited….more

A

more are stimulated and there is greater force

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9
Q

if there is bulkeir muscles / hypertrophy there will be ….

A

more strength

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10
Q

if there is more muscle stimulation … there will be more

A

force

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11
Q

muscles that are 80-120% normal resting force =

A

more force

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12
Q

what happens if your muscle fibers are stretched too much

A

if your muscle fibers are stretched too much then your myocin and actin will not overlap

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13
Q

what does aerobic or endurance exercise leads to

A

aerobic or endurance exercise leads to increased muscle capillaries , and there is an increased need for o2, increase in the mitochondria , and an increase in the the amount of myoglobin sythesis. T

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14
Q

what is the main thing that aerobic exercise does to muscles

A

Aerobic exercise also increases strength and resistance.

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15
Q

list the 4 things that aerobic exercise leads to

A

1- increased muscle capillaries
2. increased mitorchondria
3. increased myogloben synthesis
4 increased endurance

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16
Q

is restitance exercies arobic or anerobic

A

anarobic

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17
Q

list the 5 things that resistance exercise leads to

A 
1. muscle hypertrophy 
2increased mitochondria
3. increased myofilaments 
4increased glyocogen storage 
5 increased connective tissue
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18
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

smooth muscle is found in most hollow organs, except for the heart

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19
Q

list 3 places where smooth muscle is found

A

It is found in places like the stomach , intestines, uterus .

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20
Q

how many layers is smooth muscle arranged into and what are they called .

A

. Smooth muscle is usually arranged in 2 layers; There is a longitudinal layer and a circular layer.

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21
Q

describe the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

A

The longitudinal Layer- the fibers run parallel to the axis , when this layer contracts its function is to dilate and shorten the organ . For example the contraction of your stomach.

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22
Q

describe the circular layer of smooth muscle

A

The circular layer - it runs around the circumference. It constricts the open space and it will cause it to elongate.

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23
Q

does the circular or longitudnal muscle elongate

A

circular

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24
Q

what is peristalsis

A

alternating contractions and relaxations that squeeze something through

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25
Q

smooth muscle is made up of what shaped fibers

A

Smooth muscle is made up of spindle shaped fibers.

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26
Q

are skeletal or smooth muscles shorter

A

smooth are thin and short compared to skeletal fibers

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27
Q

is smooth muscle T multinucleated and / or striated

A

They are NOT multinucleated and they are not striated

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28
Q

does smooth muscle have an alternating pattern of a and i bands

A

They do not have the alternating pattern of the i bands and the a bands

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29
Q

what is the structure that surrounds the smooth muscle cell, and are there more than 1

A

There is only endomyceuim that surrounds the muscle cells not the 2 laters like in the skeletal muscles

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30
Q

what is the function of caveole

A

They have enfoldings on the sarcolema called cavioli. They function to sequester calcium from the extra cellular fluid.

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31
Q

does smooth muscle have myofibrals or sarcomeres

A

They do not have sarcomeres and they do not have myofibrals.

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32
Q

is there a neruomuscular junction in smooth muscle like the one that we saw in skeletal muscle

A

There is NOT a neromuscular junction like the one that we saw in the skeletal muscle. There are autonomic nerve fibers .

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33
Q

what does smooth muscle have instead of a neuromuscular junciton

A

There are autonomic nerve fibers . It is in response to the involuntatry nervous system . The nerve fibers that are associated with smooth muscle have merocosities that are like swellings on them that can store and release neurotransmitters. This is a much more diffuse process then in skeletal muscles

34
Q

what are variocosites

A

The nerve fibers that are associated with smooth muscle have merocosities that are like swellings on them that can store and release neurotransmitters.

35
Q

does smooth muscle have actin and myacin

A

yes

36
Q

does smooth muscle have myofilaments

A

no

37
Q

does smooth or skeletal muscle have a higher ration of myacin to actin

A

In smooth muscle, The ratio of myacin to actin is much lower than in skeleton muscle.

38
Q

is the myocin head big or small in smooth muscle

A

The myocin heads run the entire lenght of the filament unlike in skeletal musle.

39
Q

is there tropnonen is smooth muscle

A

There is no troponen , so that interaction when calcium binds to troponen is not found in smooth muscle, there is a different protein that binds the smooth muscle

40
Q

what is dens bodies

A

. Smooth muscle also has an area called dens bodies. These dens bodies are proteins that will anchor different filaments to the sarcolema. They function in the same way as the z disks in the skeletal muscle.

41
Q

dens bodies in smooth muscle are like the … is skeletal muscle

A

z disks

42
Q

what is the name of the protein that smooth muscle has instead of troponin

A

calmodulin

43
Q

when a smooth muscle contracts what does it look like

A

When the muscle contracts, it does so in a corkscrew manner,

44
Q

how many nucleus are in a smooth muscle

A

also note that there is only one nucleus. So it is a uninucleated cell.

45
Q

list 3 ways that contraction of smooth muscle is similar to that of skeletal muscle:

A
  • there is a sliding filaments models, there is still myocin connecting to actin and contracting . This is still the model in which muscles contract.
  • the final trigger for contraction is an increase in intracellular contraction.
  • atp is needed to energize it.
46
Q

what are the 3 ways that smooth muscle contraction is regulated

A

nerves
hormones
local chemical

47
Q

what can nerotransmitters result in

A

neurotransmitters can result in an increase of calcium in the sarcoplasm and then you can have graded potentials or action potentials. The response of smooth muscle is going to depend on the neruotransmitter.

48
Q

what enrgiezes the sliding process of the contraction of smooth muscles

A

atp

49
Q

what is the final trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle

A

higher levels of intracellular calcium

50
Q

do all nerve muscles have a nerve supply

A

no

51
Q

describe stress relaxation resoponse

A

Special features of smooth muscle. has a stretch relaxation response. so it can respond to being stretched , hold that stretched and it can relax and stay stretched. This is very important for things like your stomach and your bladder and your intestines.

52
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

hyperplasia = an increase in the number of cells. An example of this is that estrongen effects the uteris at puberty. When girls hit puberty, their uteris will start growing to an adult size , also during pregnancy . This is why hyperplasia is important .

53
Q

female skeleton is made of % muscle mass

A

36%

54
Q

male skeleton is made up % muscle mass

A

42%

55
Q

why do mens bodies have more muscle mass

A

testosterone

56
Q

with age what increases and what decreaes

A

with age connectie tissue increaes and muscle fiber decreases

57
Q

what happens to muscle mass at age 30 and what is this called

A

loss of muscle mass , sarcopenia

58
Q

what can reverse sarcopenia

A

exercise

59
Q

the heart can be thought of as …

A

2 side by side pumps

60
Q

what does the right side of the heart recieve

A

oxygen poor blood from the tissues

61
Q

where does oxygen poor blood from tissues go

A

it goes to the right side of the heart

62
Q

after the right side of the heart recieves blood, where does it go?

A

it pumps it to the lungs

63
Q

what does blood do in the lungs

A

it gets rid of co2 and picks up o2

64
Q

where does blood get rid of co2 and pick up o2

A

in the lungs

65
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit refer to

A

the right side of the heart recieves blood from the tissues that is oxygen poor, it pumps the blood to the lungs it gets rid of co2 and picks up o2 in the lungs

66
Q

what does the left side of the heart recieve

A

it recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs

67
Q

what is the systemic circuit

A

it refers to the left side of the heart pumping blood to the body tissues via the systemic circuit

68
Q

what are the receiving chanmbers of the heart

A

the right atrium and the left atrium

69
Q

what does the right atrium reicieve

A

blood returning from the systemic circuit

70
Q

what does the left atrium recieve

A

it receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit

71
Q

where does blood returning from the systemic circuit go to

A

the right atrium

72
Q

list the 2 pumping chambers of the heart

A

right ventricle

left ventricle

73
Q

what does the right ventricle do

A

it pumps blood through the pulomonary circuit

74
Q

what does the left ventricle do

A

it pumps blood through the systemic circuit

75
Q

how big is the heart

A

it is about the size of a fist

76
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the mediastinum ( medial cavity of the thorax )

77
Q

what is the pericardium

A

it is the covering of the heart

78
Q

what is the function of the fiberous pericardium

A

protects, anchors to surrounding structures and prevents overfilling

79
Q

name the 2 layers of the serous pericardium

A

parietal layer

viscral layer

80
Q

name the layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

bio 2010 (13 decks)

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