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bio 2010 > lecture 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anatomy

A

Study of structure of body parts, their relationships to one another

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2
Q

what are the 3 subdivisons of anatomy

A

gross (macroscopic)- seen with the naked eye
microscopic (ex cells and tissues)
developmental changes during lifetime

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3
Q

name the 5 tools for mastering anatomy

A
  • mastery of terms
  • feeling
  • listening
  • moving
  • seeing
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4
Q

define physiology

A

the study of the function of the body

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5
Q

what are the subdivisions of anatomy

A

it is broken up into the organ systems

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6
Q

physiology focuses on what two levels of biology

A

the cellular and molecular level

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7
Q

name the 3 essential tools in the study of physiology

A
  • focus on many levels of biology
  • focus the chemical principles
  • focus on the physical principles
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8
Q

define the principle of complementarity

A

anatomy and physiology are inseparable. function reflects the structure . what a structure can do depends on its form. (form follows function.

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9
Q

name the 6 levels of structural organization in order

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organismal level
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10
Q

list the 8 necessary life functions

A
  • maintain boundaries
  • movement (contractility)
  • responsiveness
  • digestion
  • metabolism
  • excretion
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11
Q

give 2 examples of the necessary life funcntion of maintaining boundaries

A
  • the plasma membrane , traps nutrients for reactions to take place)
  • the larges organ (the skin) keeps water in and uv out!
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12
Q

give two examples of movement

A

movement of body parts like the skeletal system and movement of substances like the cardiac and smooth muscles

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13
Q

give 2 examples of responsivness

A

withdrawl reflex and controlled breathing

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14
Q

what do all cells depend on to meet their survival needs?

A

all cells depend on an organ system

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15
Q

are humans multicellular?

A

yes!

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16
Q

what are the 5 survival needs?

A 
nutrients
oxygen
water
normal body temperature
appropriate atmospheric pressure
17
Q

what does having appropriate atmospheric pressure mean?

A

having adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

18
Q

what is normal body temperature

A

37 c

19
Q

name 2 reasons why water is an important survival need

A
  • it provides the appropriate environment for chemical reaction
  • provides a fluid base for excretions and secretions
20
Q

name one reason why oxygen is an essential survival need

A

it provides energy, necessary for atp release

21
Q

name 2 reasons why nutrients are essential survival needs

A
  • provides chemicals for energy

- provides chemicals for cell building

22
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the outside environment

23
Q

how is homeostasis maintained

A

homeostasis is maintained through contributions of the organ system

24
Q

what does it mean to say that homeostasis is in a dynamic state of equilibrium?

A

homeostasis is NOT unchanging , rather there are fluctuations around a set point

25
Q

what 3 things help to maintain homeostatic control

A
  • communication

- regulation and monitoring of variables

26
Q

name the 2 systems that communicate during homeostasis

A

nervous system and endocrine system

27
Q

how do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate to maintain homeostasis

A

the endocrine system and nervous system communicate through nerve impulses and hormones

28
Q

list the 3 components of a control mechanism

A
  • receptor (sensor)
  • control center
  • effector
29
Q

what is the main role of the receptor in a control mechanism

A

it responds to stimuli

30
Q

define stimuli

A

something that causes changes in controlled stimuli

31
Q

name the 3 roles of the control center in the control mechanism

A

-Determines set point at which variable is maintained
– Receives input from receptor
– Determines appropriate response

32
Q

list the 3 roles of the effector in the control mechanism

A

– Receives output from control center
– Provides the means to respond
– Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback

33
Q

are most feedback mechanisms in the body negative or positive

A

Most feedback mechanisms in body are negative

34
Q

describe how negative feedback works

A

Response reduces or shuts off original
stimulus
– Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change

35
Q

give 2 examples of negative feedback

A

– Regulation of body temperature (a nervous
system mechanism)
– Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism

36
Q

define positive feedback

A

Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
• May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
• Usually controls infrequent events that do
not require continuous adjustment

37
Q

give 2 examples of positive feedback

A

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin (chapter 28)

– Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

bio 2010 (13 decks)

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