lecture 1 Flashcards
anatomy
Study of structure of body parts, their relationships to one another
what are the 3 subdivisons of anatomy
gross (macroscopic)- seen with the naked eye
microscopic (ex cells and tissues)
developmental changes during lifetime
name the 5 tools for mastering anatomy
- mastery of terms
- feeling
- listening
- moving
- seeing
define physiology
the study of the function of the body
what are the subdivisions of anatomy
it is broken up into the organ systems
physiology focuses on what two levels of biology
the cellular and molecular level
name the 3 essential tools in the study of physiology
- focus on many levels of biology
- focus the chemical principles
- focus on the physical principles
define the principle of complementarity
anatomy and physiology are inseparable. function reflects the structure . what a structure can do depends on its form. (form follows function.
name the 6 levels of structural organization in order
chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organismal level
list the 8 necessary life functions
- maintain boundaries
- movement (contractility)
- responsiveness
- digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
give 2 examples of the necessary life funcntion of maintaining boundaries
- the plasma membrane , traps nutrients for reactions to take place)
- the larges organ (the skin) keeps water in and uv out!
give two examples of movement
movement of body parts like the skeletal system and movement of substances like the cardiac and smooth muscles
give 2 examples of responsivness
withdrawl reflex and controlled breathing
what do all cells depend on to meet their survival needs?
all cells depend on an organ system
are humans multicellular?
yes!
what are the 5 survival needs?
nutrients oxygen water normal body temperature appropriate atmospheric pressure
what does having appropriate atmospheric pressure mean?
having adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs
what is normal body temperature
37 c
name 2 reasons why water is an important survival need
- it provides the appropriate environment for chemical reaction
- provides a fluid base for excretions and secretions
name one reason why oxygen is an essential survival need
it provides energy, necessary for atp release
name 2 reasons why nutrients are essential survival needs
- provides chemicals for energy
- provides chemicals for cell building
define homeostasis
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the outside environment
how is homeostasis maintained
homeostasis is maintained through contributions of the organ system
what does it mean to say that homeostasis is in a dynamic state of equilibrium?
homeostasis is NOT unchanging , rather there are fluctuations around a set point
what 3 things help to maintain homeostatic control
- communication
- regulation and monitoring of variables
name the 2 systems that communicate during homeostasis
nervous system and endocrine system
how do the nervous system and endocrine system communicate to maintain homeostasis
the endocrine system and nervous system communicate through nerve impulses and hormones
list the 3 components of a control mechanism
- receptor (sensor)
- control center
- effector
what is the main role of the receptor in a control mechanism
it responds to stimuli
define stimuli
something that causes changes in controlled stimuli
name the 3 roles of the control center in the control mechanism
-Determines set point at which variable is maintained
– Receives input from receptor
– Determines appropriate response
list the 3 roles of the effector in the control mechanism
– Receives output from control center
– Provides the means to respond
– Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive feedback
are most feedback mechanisms in the body negative or positive
Most feedback mechanisms in body are negative
describe how negative feedback works
Response reduces or shuts off original
stimulus
– Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change
give 2 examples of negative feedback
– Regulation of body temperature (a nervous
system mechanism)
– Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism
define positive feedback
Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
• May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
• Usually controls infrequent events that do
not require continuous adjustment
give 2 examples of positive feedback
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin (chapter 28)
– Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
