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bio 2010 > 3/1/14 lecture 73 > Flashcards

3/1/14 lecture 73 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for….

A

occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum.

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2
Q

The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for….

A

occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum.

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3
Q

the root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the …

A

The root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the mediastinum

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4
Q

what gives he lungs its spongy appearance.

A

the lungs are composed mostly of the alveoli, this what giving it the spongy appearance.

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5
Q

what is the function of the cardiac notch

A

the cardiac notch makes room for the heart

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6
Q

describe the the pleural cavity

A

the pleural cavity is filled with fluid, that reduces friction

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7
Q

list the 3 parts of the lungs

A
  1. Apex- (superior tip)which is the top of the lung
  2. Base-which rests on the diaphragm ( it is on the inferior surface)
  3. Hilum- this is an area where the nerves blood vessels lymphatic vessels all enter the lung. Different organs have a hilum this is not specific to the lungs.
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8
Q

what is the name of the segements that the lungs can be divided into

A

The lungs can be further subdivided: Bronchial segments

Lungs can be divided into bronchopulmonary segments.

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9
Q

how many bronchial segments are on the left and right side of the lungs

A

There are 10 on the right and 8 -10 on the left.
They can be removed individually, in segments if someone has an issue like lung cancer then they can be removed without taking out the entire lung.

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10
Q

what is the function of pulmonary veins ?

A

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone back to the heart.

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11
Q

what is the function of Bronchial arteries?

A

Bronchial arteries- provide oxygenated back to lung tissue.

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12
Q

what are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

pulmonary ventilation ( bringing air into and out of lungs) consists of the 2 phases: inspiration and expiration

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13
Q

define inspiration

A

inspiration - gasses from the atmosphere flow into the lungs

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14
Q

define expiration

A

expiration - gasses flow out of our lungs

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15
Q

during inhalation what happens to the diaphragm

A

during inhalation the diaphragm contract and moves down.

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16
Q

during inhalation what happens to the intercostal muscles

A

And the external intercostal muscles contract and cause the rib cage expands

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17
Q

when you breathe in what happens to volume in your lungs?

A

when you breathe in the volume gets bigger which is important because when the volume increases the pressure goes down, this is what drive the movement of air into the lungs

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18
Q

is the volume in your lungs more or less than 1atm when you inhale

A

the volume inside of our lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.

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19
Q

explain what happens to volume and diaphragm when we exhale

A

when we exhale the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage is going to get smaller, the diaphragm moves back up and the pressure will increase so there will be flow of gasses out.

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20
Q

T/F :the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air which allows for breathing to occur.

A

False, so it is not the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air, it is the pressure changes as a result of the volume change that allows for breathing to occur!

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21
Q

describe boyles law

A

boyles Law- pressure is inverse to volume

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22
Q

according to boyles law : less volume =

more volume =

A

less volume = more pressure

more volume = less pressure

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23
Q

Are the lungs are compressible?

A

the lungs are compressible, but very few parts of body are.

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24
Q

does volume increase or decrease in inspiration?

A

. volume increases

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25
Q

does pressure increase or decrease in inspiration

A

decrease

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26
Q

does the diaphragm contract or relax in inspiration

A

the diapghrm contracts and moves down

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27
Q

does air flow into or out of the lungs during inspiration

A

air flows into into lungs down pressure gradient until the pulmonary pressure is equal with atmospheric pressure.

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28
Q

Is expiration an active or passive process

A

passive

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29
Q

what happens to volume,pressure and air during expiration

A

there is a decrease in volume and an increase in pressure.

air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient.

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30
Q

the root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the …

A

The root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the mediastinum

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31
Q

what gives he lungs its spongy appearance.

A

the lungs are composed mostly of the alveoli, this what giving it the spongy appearance.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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32
Q

what is the function of the cardiac notch

A

the cardiac notch makes room for the heart

How well did you know this?
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33
Q

describe the the pleural cavity

A

the pleural cavity is filled with fluid, that reduces friction

34
Q

list the 3 parts of the lungs

A
  1. Apex- (superior tip)which is the top of the lung
  2. Base-which rests on the diaphragm ( it is on the inferior surface)
  3. Hilum- this is an area where the nerves blood vessels lymphatic vessels all enter the lung. Different organs have a hilum this is not specific to the lungs.
35
Q

what is the name of the segements that the lungs can be divided into

A

The lungs can be further subdivided: Bronchial segments

Lungs can be divided into bronchopulmonary segments.

36
Q

how many bronchial segments are on the left and right side of the lungs

A

There are 10 on the right and 8 -10 on the left.
They can be removed individually, in segments if someone has an issue like lung cancer then they can be removed without taking out the entire lung.

37
Q

what is the function of pulmonary veins ?

A

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone back to the heart.

38
Q

what is the function of Bronchial arteries?

A

Bronchial arteries- provide oxygenated back to lung tissue.

39
Q

what are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation

A

pulmonary ventilation ( bringing air into and out of lungs) consists of the 2 phases: inspiration and expiration

40
Q

define inspiration

A

inspiration - gasses from the atmosphere flow into the lungs

41
Q

define expiration

A

expiration - gasses flow out of our lungs

42
Q

during inhalation what happens to the diaphragm

A

during inhalation the diaphragm contract and moves down.

43
Q

during inhalation what happens to the intercostal muscles

A

And the external intercostal muscles contract and cause the rib cage expands

44
Q

when you breathe in what happens to volume in your lungs?

A

when you breathe in the volume gets bigger which is important because when the volume increases the pressure goes down, this is what drive the movement of air into the lungs

45
Q

is the volume in your lungs more or less than 1atm when you inhale

A

the volume inside of our lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.

46
Q

explain what happens to volume and diaphragm when we exhale

A

when we exhale the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage is going to get smaller, the diaphragm moves back up and the pressure will increase so there will be flow of gasses out.

47
Q

T/F :the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air which allows for breathing to occur.

A

False, so it is not the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air, it is the pressure changes as a result of the volume change that allows for breathing to occur!

48
Q

describe boyles law

A

boyles Law- pressure is inverse to volume

49
Q

according to boyles law : less volume =

more volume =

A

less volume = more pressure

more volume = less pressure

50
Q

Are the lungs are compressible?

A

the lungs are compressible, but very few parts of body are.

51
Q

does volume increase or decrease in inspiration?

A

. volume increases

52
Q

does pressure increase or decrease in inspiration

A

decrease

53
Q

does the diaphragm contract or relax in inspiration

A

the diapghrm contracts and moves down

54
Q

does air flow into or out of the lungs during inspiration

A

air flows into into lungs down pressure gradient until the pulmonary pressure is equal with atmospheric pressure.

55
Q

Is expiration an active or passive process

A

passive

56
Q

describe what happens to diaphragm durung expiration

A

muscles relax

diaphragm rise

57
Q

describe daltons law of partial pressures

A

this states that the partial pressure is the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixtures and it is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture.

58
Q

describe Henrys law

A

this states that gasses dissolve in proportion to the partial pressure

59
Q

what contains more co2 and water vapor than atmospheric air.

A

alveoli contain more co2 and water vapor than atmospheric air.

60
Q

where does external respiration happen

A

in our lungs

61
Q

describe external respiration

A

this is the respiration that happens in our lungs. it is the exchange of o2 and co2 in the lungs between the alveoli and capillaries. this happens across a respiratory membrane.

62
Q

describe the respiratory membrane

A

thin, large total surface area, it is about 40 times that of the skin of our body, 90 sq meters of surface area across which gas exchange can happen.

63
Q

Describe what can happen to the lungs if someone has pneumonia

A

when someone has pneumonia , there is extra fluid in the blood which causes a thickening of the membrane. When this happens it slows down the rate of gas exchange slows down so they wont get enough o2. The thicker the membrane , the slower the rate of diffusion.

64
Q

describe what happens t the lungs if someone has ephusema

A

epmphesuema results in a reduced surface area in the area in which gas exchange should occur. In this case there is a break down in the walls of the aveoli which reduces that surface area.

65
Q

pneumonia results in a … of the respiratory membrane

A

thickening

66
Q

ephusema results in a …. of the respiratory membrane

A

reduction of the surface of the surface area

67
Q

is there a steeper partial pressure gradient for co2 or o2

A

02

68
Q

define perfusion

A

perfusion = blood flow that is reaching the alveoli. the rates can be effected by vaso constriction or dilation.

69
Q

define ventilation

A

ventilation- amount of gas reaching the alveoli.

70
Q

where does Internal respiration occur

A

at level of capillary beds with the tissues in the body.

71
Q

how is 02 carried in the body

A
  • it is carried in blood.
72
Q

what % of blood is dissolved in plasma

A

1.5% is dissolved in plasma.

73
Q

what % of 02 is on red blood cells

A

98.5 % is loosely bound to molecules of hemoglobin on the red blood cells.

74
Q

is 02 more likely to be in plasma or on red blood cells

A

red blood cells

75
Q

how many hemoglobin molecules are on a red blood cell

A

hundreds of thousands

76
Q

what is a heme and where are they found

A

each hemoglobin molecule has hemes which are areas with iron that have an affinity for oxygen.

77
Q

how many 02 molecules can bind to 1 hemoglobin molecule

A

each hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen molecules. The oxygen binds with the hemoglobin molecule and gets transported throughout our body to our capillaries where diffusion will happen.

78
Q

what does fully saturated mean

A

If all 4 of the heme groups are carrying an oxygen then we will refer to it as fully saturated.

79
Q

what does partially saturated mean?

A

it is considered partially saturated if there are 1-3 of the binding sites have o2 attached.

80
Q

?-of it is dissolved in the plasma
?-of it is bound to globin of hemoglobin.
?-is transported by bicarbonate ions in the plasma

A

7-10% of it is dissolved in the plasma
20% of it is bound to globin of hemoglobin.
70% is transported by bicarbonate ions in the plasma

bio 2010 (13 decks)

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