3/1/14 lecture 73 Flashcards
The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for….
occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum.
The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for….
occupy all of the thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum.
the root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the …
The root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the mediastinum
what gives he lungs its spongy appearance.
the lungs are composed mostly of the alveoli, this what giving it the spongy appearance.
what is the function of the cardiac notch
the cardiac notch makes room for the heart
describe the the pleural cavity
the pleural cavity is filled with fluid, that reduces friction
list the 3 parts of the lungs
- Apex- (superior tip)which is the top of the lung
- Base-which rests on the diaphragm ( it is on the inferior surface)
- Hilum- this is an area where the nerves blood vessels lymphatic vessels all enter the lung. Different organs have a hilum this is not specific to the lungs.
what is the name of the segements that the lungs can be divided into
The lungs can be further subdivided: Bronchial segments
Lungs can be divided into bronchopulmonary segments.
how many bronchial segments are on the left and right side of the lungs
There are 10 on the right and 8 -10 on the left.
They can be removed individually, in segments if someone has an issue like lung cancer then they can be removed without taking out the entire lung.
what is the function of pulmonary veins ?
pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone back to the heart.
what is the function of Bronchial arteries?
Bronchial arteries- provide oxygenated back to lung tissue.
what are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary ventilation ( bringing air into and out of lungs) consists of the 2 phases: inspiration and expiration
define inspiration
inspiration - gasses from the atmosphere flow into the lungs
define expiration
expiration - gasses flow out of our lungs
during inhalation what happens to the diaphragm
during inhalation the diaphragm contract and moves down.
during inhalation what happens to the intercostal muscles
And the external intercostal muscles contract and cause the rib cage expands
when you breathe in what happens to volume in your lungs?
when you breathe in the volume gets bigger which is important because when the volume increases the pressure goes down, this is what drive the movement of air into the lungs
is the volume in your lungs more or less than 1atm when you inhale
the volume inside of our lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.
explain what happens to volume and diaphragm when we exhale
when we exhale the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage is going to get smaller, the diaphragm moves back up and the pressure will increase so there will be flow of gasses out.
T/F :the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air which allows for breathing to occur.
False, so it is not the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air, it is the pressure changes as a result of the volume change that allows for breathing to occur!
describe boyles law
boyles Law- pressure is inverse to volume
according to boyles law : less volume =
more volume =
less volume = more pressure
more volume = less pressure
Are the lungs are compressible?
the lungs are compressible, but very few parts of body are.
does volume increase or decrease in inspiration?
. volume increases
does pressure increase or decrease in inspiration
decrease
does the diaphragm contract or relax in inspiration
the diapghrm contracts and moves down
does air flow into or out of the lungs during inspiration
air flows into into lungs down pressure gradient until the pulmonary pressure is equal with atmospheric pressure.
Is expiration an active or passive process
passive
what happens to volume,pressure and air during expiration
there is a decrease in volume and an increase in pressure.
air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient.
the root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the …
The root of the lungs is the site of attachment to the mediastinum
what gives he lungs its spongy appearance.
the lungs are composed mostly of the alveoli, this what giving it the spongy appearance.
what is the function of the cardiac notch
the cardiac notch makes room for the heart
describe the the pleural cavity
the pleural cavity is filled with fluid, that reduces friction
list the 3 parts of the lungs
- Apex- (superior tip)which is the top of the lung
- Base-which rests on the diaphragm ( it is on the inferior surface)
- Hilum- this is an area where the nerves blood vessels lymphatic vessels all enter the lung. Different organs have a hilum this is not specific to the lungs.
what is the name of the segements that the lungs can be divided into
The lungs can be further subdivided: Bronchial segments
Lungs can be divided into bronchopulmonary segments.
how many bronchial segments are on the left and right side of the lungs
There are 10 on the right and 8 -10 on the left.
They can be removed individually, in segments if someone has an issue like lung cancer then they can be removed without taking out the entire lung.
what is the function of pulmonary veins ?
pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the respiratory zone back to the heart.
what is the function of Bronchial arteries?
Bronchial arteries- provide oxygenated back to lung tissue.
what are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary ventilation ( bringing air into and out of lungs) consists of the 2 phases: inspiration and expiration
define inspiration
inspiration - gasses from the atmosphere flow into the lungs
define expiration
expiration - gasses flow out of our lungs
during inhalation what happens to the diaphragm
during inhalation the diaphragm contract and moves down.
during inhalation what happens to the intercostal muscles
And the external intercostal muscles contract and cause the rib cage expands
when you breathe in what happens to volume in your lungs?
when you breathe in the volume gets bigger which is important because when the volume increases the pressure goes down, this is what drive the movement of air into the lungs
is the volume in your lungs more or less than 1atm when you inhale
the volume inside of our lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.
explain what happens to volume and diaphragm when we exhale
when we exhale the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles relax and the rib cage is going to get smaller, the diaphragm moves back up and the pressure will increase so there will be flow of gasses out.
T/F :the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air which allows for breathing to occur.
False, so it is not the diaphragm or the expansion of ribs that allows for more air, it is the pressure changes as a result of the volume change that allows for breathing to occur!
describe boyles law
boyles Law- pressure is inverse to volume
according to boyles law : less volume =
more volume =
less volume = more pressure
more volume = less pressure
Are the lungs are compressible?
the lungs are compressible, but very few parts of body are.
does volume increase or decrease in inspiration?
. volume increases
does pressure increase or decrease in inspiration
decrease
does the diaphragm contract or relax in inspiration
the diapghrm contracts and moves down
does air flow into or out of the lungs during inspiration
air flows into into lungs down pressure gradient until the pulmonary pressure is equal with atmospheric pressure.
Is expiration an active or passive process
passive
describe what happens to diaphragm durung expiration
muscles relax
diaphragm rise
describe daltons law of partial pressures
this states that the partial pressure is the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixtures and it is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture.
describe Henrys law
this states that gasses dissolve in proportion to the partial pressure
what contains more co2 and water vapor than atmospheric air.
alveoli contain more co2 and water vapor than atmospheric air.
where does external respiration happen
in our lungs
describe external respiration
this is the respiration that happens in our lungs. it is the exchange of o2 and co2 in the lungs between the alveoli and capillaries. this happens across a respiratory membrane.
describe the respiratory membrane
thin, large total surface area, it is about 40 times that of the skin of our body, 90 sq meters of surface area across which gas exchange can happen.
Describe what can happen to the lungs if someone has pneumonia
when someone has pneumonia , there is extra fluid in the blood which causes a thickening of the membrane. When this happens it slows down the rate of gas exchange slows down so they wont get enough o2. The thicker the membrane , the slower the rate of diffusion.
describe what happens t the lungs if someone has ephusema
epmphesuema results in a reduced surface area in the area in which gas exchange should occur. In this case there is a break down in the walls of the aveoli which reduces that surface area.
pneumonia results in a … of the respiratory membrane
thickening
ephusema results in a …. of the respiratory membrane
reduction of the surface of the surface area
is there a steeper partial pressure gradient for co2 or o2
02
define perfusion
perfusion = blood flow that is reaching the alveoli. the rates can be effected by vaso constriction or dilation.
define ventilation
ventilation- amount of gas reaching the alveoli.
where does Internal respiration occur
at level of capillary beds with the tissues in the body.
how is 02 carried in the body
- it is carried in blood.
what % of blood is dissolved in plasma
1.5% is dissolved in plasma.
what % of 02 is on red blood cells
98.5 % is loosely bound to molecules of hemoglobin on the red blood cells.
is 02 more likely to be in plasma or on red blood cells
red blood cells
how many hemoglobin molecules are on a red blood cell
hundreds of thousands
what is a heme and where are they found
each hemoglobin molecule has hemes which are areas with iron that have an affinity for oxygen.
how many 02 molecules can bind to 1 hemoglobin molecule
each hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen molecules. The oxygen binds with the hemoglobin molecule and gets transported throughout our body to our capillaries where diffusion will happen.
what does fully saturated mean
If all 4 of the heme groups are carrying an oxygen then we will refer to it as fully saturated.
what does partially saturated mean?
it is considered partially saturated if there are 1-3 of the binding sites have o2 attached.
?-of it is dissolved in the plasma
?-of it is bound to globin of hemoglobin.
?-is transported by bicarbonate ions in the plasma
7-10% of it is dissolved in the plasma
20% of it is bound to globin of hemoglobin.
70% is transported by bicarbonate ions in the plasma
