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bio 2010 > 2/28/14 > Flashcards

2/28/14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the major function of the respiratory system

A

The major function of this is respiration

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2
Q

what does respiration do

A

This is supplying the body with oxygen for cellular respiration and the disposure of co2

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3
Q

do we need a lot of 02

A

we are endothermic so we require a lot of oxygen. we have a lot of different adaptations to help us . when we compare our respiratory system to that of other vertebrates or aquatic animals we have a lot of adaptations to make sure that we are efficient in exchange of 02 and co2

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4
Q

how does gas exchange happen

A

gas exchange happens through diffusion at the cellular level

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5
Q

at what level does gas exchange occur

A

gas exchange happens through diffusion at the cellular level. it will diffuse down the concentration gradient through cellular membranes between the alveoli in the lungs and the capillaries.

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6
Q

what kind of envrionment is needed for diffusion

A

In order for diffusion to happen it must happen in a moist environment. we live is a desiccating environment so we need to use our lungs to keep things moist. we have a constant challenge of needing to keep our respiratory system moist so we have lungs which helps to minimize water loss.

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7
Q

is air warmed and humidified before or after it reaches the lungs

A

In order for diffusion to happen it must happen in a moist environment. we live is a desiccating environment so we need to use our lungs to keep things moist. we have a constant challenge of needing to keep our respiratory system moist so we have lungs which helps to minimize water loss. The air that reaches our lungs is traveling from our nasal cavity where it gets warmed and humidified before it reaches the lungs.

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8
Q

what 2 things is respiration involved in

A

respiration also functions in olfaction and speech

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9
Q

what are olfactory mucosa

A

. we have specialized sensory cells in our olfactory called olfactory mucosa.

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10
Q

we have specialized sensory cells in our olfactory called

A

olfactory mucosa

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11
Q

where does resonance of sound occur

A

paranasal sinuses allow for resonance of sounds which can help us with speech

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12
Q

what zone is the larynx located in

A

Also our vocal larnyx which is part of our conducting zone

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13
Q

list the 4 processes of respiration

A 
pulmonary ventilation (respirationexternal respiration (respiration
transport (circulatory
internal respiration
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14
Q

when we talk about pulmonary ventilation what are we talking about

A

when we are talking about pulmonary respiration we are really talking about breathing. This is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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15
Q

describe external respiration

A

This is referring to the exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood

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16
Q

describe transport

A

transport (circulatory)- transport oxygen and co2 around the body. Transporting co2 from the cells where it has been produced back into the lungs where it can be dumped . And then taking in o2 that has been inhaled through inspiration and moving it around the body.

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17
Q

describe internal respiration

A

we are talking about taking in o2 and the internal exchange between the systemic blood vessels and tissues.

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18
Q

does internal respiration use the circulatory or respiration system

A

circulatory

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19
Q

does transport use the respiration or circulatory system

A

circulatory

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20
Q

does external respiration use use the respiratory of ciruculatory system

A

respiratory

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21
Q

does pulmonary ventilation use the respiratory of circulatory system

A

repiratory

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22
Q

list 3 organs that make up the circulatory system

A

nose
trachea
lungs

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23
Q

after air enters your nostrils where does it go

A

into the nasal cavity

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24
Q

after air goes into nasal or oral cavity where does it go

A

the pharynx

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25
Q

where does air go after the pharynx

A

the larynx and then down the trachea

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26
Q

this is also known as the voice box

A

the larynx

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27
Q

what structure is directly above the larynx

A

the epiglottis

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28
Q

this structure can be thought of as the traffic controller

A

the epiglottis

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29
Q

what structure is located behind the trachea

A

the esophagous

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30
Q

what does the epiglottis cover

A

. Our epiglottis covers up the opening of the trachea to prevent food from entering the trachea.

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31
Q

this structure is known as the “wind pipe”

A

the trachea

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32
Q

the trachea branches into the …

A

The trachea goes down and branches to allow air to enter the right and left lung from the trachea

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33
Q

how many orders of branching are there on the bronchi

A

23

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34
Q

what is the purpose of the branching of bronchi

A

the branching increases the surface area of the lungs. The purpose of the constant branching is to increase the surface area.

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35
Q

what is the purpose of increased surface area in the lungs

A

The reason why there is increased surface area is because it allows for more gas exchange to occur

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36
Q

describe the function of the diaphragm

A

Under neath all of this is the diaphragm this is the muscle that expands and contracts which puts pressure which allows for air to enter. it helps to support the expanding and contracting of the lungs.

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37
Q

what are the 2 zones of he pulmonary circuit?

A

there are different zones of the respiratory system: respiratory and conducting zone

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38
Q

describe the respiratory zone

A

: this is talking about the area where gas exchange is actually happening . made up of microscopic structures called respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. The alveoli is where the actual gas exchange happens.

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39
Q

where does gas exchange happen

A

in the respiratory zone

40
Q

what 3 things make up the respiratory zone

A

made up of microscopic structures called respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.

41
Q

in what structures does gas exchange actually happen

A

The alveoli is where the actual gas exchange happens.

42
Q

what are Branches with clusters of alveoli called?

A

Branches with clusters of alveoli are referred to as an alveolar sack.

43
Q

What surrounds Each alveoli ?

A

Each alveoli is surrounded by capillaries where the actual gas exchange is happening .

44
Q

describe the conducting zone

A

conducting zones: this is about how air is traveling into the respiratory system. it is all of the structures that provide a conduit for the air that is coming into the respiratory system. for the gas exchange .

45
Q

what happens where air is brought in?

A

when we bring air in it is warmed, humidified, and this is the first line of defense against impurities that are in the air.

46
Q

T/F : the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles promote ventilation.

A

True:the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles promote ventilation.

47
Q

T/F : The diaphragm does not support the expanding and contracting of the lungs.

A

False:The diaphragm does support the expanding and contracting of the lungs.

48
Q

how many branches are on the trachea?

A

The tracheas has 2 branches which lead to the 2 main branches of the bronchi and then they keep branching

49
Q

the lungs are made out of mostly….

A

. The lungs are almost all alveoli.

50
Q

is the nose an organ?

A

yes

51
Q

what is one of the functions of the nose

A

one of the functions of the nose is to mositen and warm the air that we breath. when breathing through the mouth it does not get as warm and humidified but you can take in more of it because the diameter . The nose also filters and cleans the air inspired air. The first line of defense is in the nasal vestibule

52
Q

the ….is one of The first lines of defense for air

A

The first line of defense is in the nasal vestibule.

53
Q

does air get warmer in the nose or mouth

A

when breathing through the mouth it does not get as warm and humidified but you can take in more of it because the diameter .

54
Q

what is the function of nose hairs

A

The function of nose hair is to trap particles , mucus also traps particles.

55
Q

This structure serves as a resonating chamber for speech and olfactory receptors.

A

The nose also serves as a resonating chamber for speech and olfactory receptors.

56
Q

list the 2 regions of the nose

A

External Nose

Nasal Cavity

57
Q

what 3 things make up the external nose

A

include roof , bridge, apex (tip)

58
Q

what divides the nasal cavity

A

The nasal cavity is divided by a septum

59
Q

what is the entrance to the nasal cavity called?

A

The nasal vestibule is the entrance into the nasal cavity.

60
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa located

A

the nasal cavity

61
Q

what is the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory epithelium this refers to a layer of skin that has sensory cells that sense chemicals in the air that send signals to our brain that give us our sense of smell

62
Q

what warms Inspired air that goes through the respiratory mucosa ?

A

Inspired air that goes through the respiratory mucosa gets warmed by the capillaries and Venules

63
Q

what causes us to sneeze

A

There are also sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa which can cause us to sneeze

64
Q

how many sinuses do we have?

A

4

65
Q

list where the 4 sinuses are found

A
  • frontal bone
  • sphenoid bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • maxillary bone
66
Q

do we know why we have sinuses?

A

there is debate on why we have the sinuses: some people think sinuses causes the skull to be lighter, helps to warm the air. but there is also a school of thought that they are spandrels: the are essentially just collateral damage, they don’t have a function they are just a collateral damage.

67
Q

this structure connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus

A

Pharynx

68
Q

what is the pharynx made out of

A

composed of skeletal muscle

69
Q

list the 3 regions where the Pharynx is found

A

the nasal pharynx, the oral pharynx and the menubrial pharynx.

70
Q

this structure it prevents things from coming out of your nose

A

There is also the soft palette and the uvula that close the nasal pharnxy when we swallow. This is important because it prevents things from coming out of your nose.

71
Q

this is the passageway for food and air. it runs below the soft palette down into the epiglottis.

A

The oral pharynx

72
Q

this structure prevents food and liquids from getting into the lungs

A

The epiglottis is the structure that prevents food and liquids from getting into the lungs

73
Q

where doe the larnyx attach?

A

The larnyx attaches to the hyoid bone and it continues to the trachea

74
Q

what is the function of the larynx?

A

The functions of the larnyx is that it provides a passage way or an open airway . this is something that you always want to have. It routes air and food to proper channels and it also functions in voice production.

75
Q

name the 3 walls of the trachea

A

has a wall with 3 layers: mucosa,submucosa, adventitia

76
Q

what does the trachea branch into

A

it branches into the primary bronchi.

77
Q

what is the trachealis

A

Trachealis : part of the trachea is a muscle it connects the posterior parts of the cartilage rings. it also contracts when you cough, the function of the contraction is to expel mucous! So your Trachealis muscle contracts when you cough or expel mucous

78
Q

what is the carina

A

Part of the trachea, Carina: This is the last expanded bit of tracheal cartilage. this is the point at which the trachea will branch into the 2 main bronchi.

79
Q

what is the bronchial tree

A

Bronchial tree/ Respiratory tree : refers to all of the branches, all of the bronchi and bronchioles that are the result of this bronchioles. there are 23 different orders of branching.

80
Q

what is a hilum

A

main the bronchi enter the hilum ( there is one hilum on each lung) this is an area where blood vessels , nerves and bronchi all come together. There are different hilum parts in the body.

81
Q

what is another word for secondary bronchi

A

low bar bronchi

82
Q

how many low bar bronchi are on the right

A

3

83
Q

how many low bar bronchi are onthe left

A

2

84
Q

why are different numbers of low bronchi on the left or right?

A

There are 3 on the right and 2 on the left because the right lungs has 3 lobes and the left lungs has 2 lobes.

85
Q

what is a broncials

A

broncials have diameters that are less than 1 millimeter. The terminal bronchials are the smallest. They have a diameter that are less than 1/2 of a mm.

86
Q

about how many aveloli are in each lung

A

300 million

87
Q

is the left or right lung smaller

A

left

88
Q

what is the cardiac notch

A

there is also a cardiac notch where the heart sits.

89
Q

name the parts of the right lung

A

There is a superior , middle and inferior part of the right lung.

90
Q

name the lobes of the left lung

A

The left lung only has an inferior and superior lobe

91
Q

list the 2 septems of the lungs

A

. There is a horizontal and oblique septum.

92
Q

what is the respiratory membrane:

A

respiratory membrane:

This includes the avelior and capillary walls . this is the surface across which gas exchange happen

93
Q

through what process does gas exchange happen

A

this happens via simple diffusion.

94
Q

what is the function of aveolar pores

A

The alveoli also have alveolar pores, they connect adjacent alveoli and they also help to equalize the air pressure throughout the lung.

95
Q

why is air pressure important

A

The air pressure is hugely is important because all of our breathing is based off of air pressure.

96
Q

what is the function of aveolar macrophages

A

the alveolar macrophages: these are cells that function to help keep the surface of the alveoli clean and sanitary.

97
Q

about how many macrophages do you swallow per hour

A

You swallow about 2 million dead macrophages per hour!

bio 2010 (13 decks)

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