2/28/14 Flashcards
what is the major function of the respiratory system
The major function of this is respiration
what does respiration do
This is supplying the body with oxygen for cellular respiration and the disposure of co2
do we need a lot of 02
we are endothermic so we require a lot of oxygen. we have a lot of different adaptations to help us . when we compare our respiratory system to that of other vertebrates or aquatic animals we have a lot of adaptations to make sure that we are efficient in exchange of 02 and co2
how does gas exchange happen
gas exchange happens through diffusion at the cellular level
at what level does gas exchange occur
gas exchange happens through diffusion at the cellular level. it will diffuse down the concentration gradient through cellular membranes between the alveoli in the lungs and the capillaries.
what kind of envrionment is needed for diffusion
In order for diffusion to happen it must happen in a moist environment. we live is a desiccating environment so we need to use our lungs to keep things moist. we have a constant challenge of needing to keep our respiratory system moist so we have lungs which helps to minimize water loss.
is air warmed and humidified before or after it reaches the lungs
In order for diffusion to happen it must happen in a moist environment. we live is a desiccating environment so we need to use our lungs to keep things moist. we have a constant challenge of needing to keep our respiratory system moist so we have lungs which helps to minimize water loss. The air that reaches our lungs is traveling from our nasal cavity where it gets warmed and humidified before it reaches the lungs.
what 2 things is respiration involved in
respiration also functions in olfaction and speech
what are olfactory mucosa
. we have specialized sensory cells in our olfactory called olfactory mucosa.
we have specialized sensory cells in our olfactory called
olfactory mucosa
where does resonance of sound occur
paranasal sinuses allow for resonance of sounds which can help us with speech
what zone is the larynx located in
Also our vocal larnyx which is part of our conducting zone
list the 4 processes of respiration
pulmonary ventilation (respirationexternal respiration (respiration transport (circulatory internal respiration
when we talk about pulmonary ventilation what are we talking about
when we are talking about pulmonary respiration we are really talking about breathing. This is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
describe external respiration
This is referring to the exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood
describe transport
transport (circulatory)- transport oxygen and co2 around the body. Transporting co2 from the cells where it has been produced back into the lungs where it can be dumped . And then taking in o2 that has been inhaled through inspiration and moving it around the body.
describe internal respiration
we are talking about taking in o2 and the internal exchange between the systemic blood vessels and tissues.
does internal respiration use the circulatory or respiration system
circulatory
does transport use the respiration or circulatory system
circulatory
does external respiration use use the respiratory of ciruculatory system
respiratory
does pulmonary ventilation use the respiratory of circulatory system
repiratory
list 3 organs that make up the circulatory system
nose
trachea
lungs
after air enters your nostrils where does it go
into the nasal cavity
after air goes into nasal or oral cavity where does it go
the pharynx
where does air go after the pharynx
the larynx and then down the trachea
this is also known as the voice box
the larynx
what structure is directly above the larynx
the epiglottis
this structure can be thought of as the traffic controller
the epiglottis
what structure is located behind the trachea
the esophagous
what does the epiglottis cover
. Our epiglottis covers up the opening of the trachea to prevent food from entering the trachea.
this structure is known as the “wind pipe”
the trachea
the trachea branches into the …
The trachea goes down and branches to allow air to enter the right and left lung from the trachea
how many orders of branching are there on the bronchi
23
what is the purpose of the branching of bronchi
the branching increases the surface area of the lungs. The purpose of the constant branching is to increase the surface area.
what is the purpose of increased surface area in the lungs
The reason why there is increased surface area is because it allows for more gas exchange to occur
describe the function of the diaphragm
Under neath all of this is the diaphragm this is the muscle that expands and contracts which puts pressure which allows for air to enter. it helps to support the expanding and contracting of the lungs.
what are the 2 zones of he pulmonary circuit?
there are different zones of the respiratory system: respiratory and conducting zone
describe the respiratory zone
: this is talking about the area where gas exchange is actually happening . made up of microscopic structures called respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. The alveoli is where the actual gas exchange happens.
where does gas exchange happen
in the respiratory zone
what 3 things make up the respiratory zone
made up of microscopic structures called respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
in what structures does gas exchange actually happen
The alveoli is where the actual gas exchange happens.
what are Branches with clusters of alveoli called?
Branches with clusters of alveoli are referred to as an alveolar sack.
What surrounds Each alveoli ?
Each alveoli is surrounded by capillaries where the actual gas exchange is happening .
describe the conducting zone
conducting zones: this is about how air is traveling into the respiratory system. it is all of the structures that provide a conduit for the air that is coming into the respiratory system. for the gas exchange .
what happens where air is brought in?
when we bring air in it is warmed, humidified, and this is the first line of defense against impurities that are in the air.
T/F : the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles promote ventilation.
True:the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles promote ventilation.
T/F : The diaphragm does not support the expanding and contracting of the lungs.
False:The diaphragm does support the expanding and contracting of the lungs.
how many branches are on the trachea?
The tracheas has 2 branches which lead to the 2 main branches of the bronchi and then they keep branching
the lungs are made out of mostly….
. The lungs are almost all alveoli.
is the nose an organ?
yes
what is one of the functions of the nose
one of the functions of the nose is to mositen and warm the air that we breath. when breathing through the mouth it does not get as warm and humidified but you can take in more of it because the diameter . The nose also filters and cleans the air inspired air. The first line of defense is in the nasal vestibule
the ….is one of The first lines of defense for air
The first line of defense is in the nasal vestibule.
does air get warmer in the nose or mouth
when breathing through the mouth it does not get as warm and humidified but you can take in more of it because the diameter .
what is the function of nose hairs
The function of nose hair is to trap particles , mucus also traps particles.
This structure serves as a resonating chamber for speech and olfactory receptors.
The nose also serves as a resonating chamber for speech and olfactory receptors.
list the 2 regions of the nose
External Nose
Nasal Cavity
what 3 things make up the external nose
include roof , bridge, apex (tip)
what divides the nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is divided by a septum
what is the entrance to the nasal cavity called?
The nasal vestibule is the entrance into the nasal cavity.
where is the olfactory mucosa located
the nasal cavity
what is the olfactory epithelium
olfactory epithelium this refers to a layer of skin that has sensory cells that sense chemicals in the air that send signals to our brain that give us our sense of smell
what warms Inspired air that goes through the respiratory mucosa ?
Inspired air that goes through the respiratory mucosa gets warmed by the capillaries and Venules
what causes us to sneeze
There are also sensory nerve endings in the respiratory mucosa which can cause us to sneeze
how many sinuses do we have?
4
list where the 4 sinuses are found
- frontal bone
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
- maxillary bone
do we know why we have sinuses?
there is debate on why we have the sinuses: some people think sinuses causes the skull to be lighter, helps to warm the air. but there is also a school of thought that they are spandrels: the are essentially just collateral damage, they don’t have a function they are just a collateral damage.
this structure connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Pharynx
what is the pharynx made out of
composed of skeletal muscle
list the 3 regions where the Pharynx is found
the nasal pharynx, the oral pharynx and the menubrial pharynx.
this structure it prevents things from coming out of your nose
There is also the soft palette and the uvula that close the nasal pharnxy when we swallow. This is important because it prevents things from coming out of your nose.
this is the passageway for food and air. it runs below the soft palette down into the epiglottis.
The oral pharynx
this structure prevents food and liquids from getting into the lungs
The epiglottis is the structure that prevents food and liquids from getting into the lungs
where doe the larnyx attach?
The larnyx attaches to the hyoid bone and it continues to the trachea
what is the function of the larynx?
The functions of the larnyx is that it provides a passage way or an open airway . this is something that you always want to have. It routes air and food to proper channels and it also functions in voice production.
name the 3 walls of the trachea
has a wall with 3 layers: mucosa,submucosa, adventitia
what does the trachea branch into
it branches into the primary bronchi.
what is the trachealis
Trachealis : part of the trachea is a muscle it connects the posterior parts of the cartilage rings. it also contracts when you cough, the function of the contraction is to expel mucous! So your Trachealis muscle contracts when you cough or expel mucous
what is the carina
Part of the trachea, Carina: This is the last expanded bit of tracheal cartilage. this is the point at which the trachea will branch into the 2 main bronchi.
what is the bronchial tree
Bronchial tree/ Respiratory tree : refers to all of the branches, all of the bronchi and bronchioles that are the result of this bronchioles. there are 23 different orders of branching.
what is a hilum
main the bronchi enter the hilum ( there is one hilum on each lung) this is an area where blood vessels , nerves and bronchi all come together. There are different hilum parts in the body.
what is another word for secondary bronchi
low bar bronchi
how many low bar bronchi are on the right
3
how many low bar bronchi are onthe left
2
why are different numbers of low bronchi on the left or right?
There are 3 on the right and 2 on the left because the right lungs has 3 lobes and the left lungs has 2 lobes.
what is a broncials
broncials have diameters that are less than 1 millimeter. The terminal bronchials are the smallest. They have a diameter that are less than 1/2 of a mm.
about how many aveloli are in each lung
300 million
is the left or right lung smaller
left
what is the cardiac notch
there is also a cardiac notch where the heart sits.
name the parts of the right lung
There is a superior , middle and inferior part of the right lung.
name the lobes of the left lung
The left lung only has an inferior and superior lobe
list the 2 septems of the lungs
. There is a horizontal and oblique septum.
what is the respiratory membrane:
respiratory membrane:
This includes the avelior and capillary walls . this is the surface across which gas exchange happen
through what process does gas exchange happen
this happens via simple diffusion.
what is the function of aveolar pores
The alveoli also have alveolar pores, they connect adjacent alveoli and they also help to equalize the air pressure throughout the lung.
why is air pressure important
The air pressure is hugely is important because all of our breathing is based off of air pressure.
what is the function of aveolar macrophages
the alveolar macrophages: these are cells that function to help keep the surface of the alveoli clean and sanitary.
about how many macrophages do you swallow per hour
You swallow about 2 million dead macrophages per hour!
