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lecture 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define tissues

A

– Groups of cells similar in structure that perform

common or related func2on

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2
Q

the study of tissues is called

A

histology

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3
Q

how many primary tissues are there

A

4

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4
Q

list the 4 primary tissues

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective tissue
  Muscle Tissue
•  Nerve Tissue

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5
Q

epthelial tissues:

A

covers

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6
Q

connective tissue:

A

supports

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7
Q

muscle tissue

A

produces movment

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8
Q

nerve tissue

A

controls

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9
Q

what 3 things have nervous tissue

A

brain spinal cord and nerves

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10
Q

nervous tissue is used for

A

internal communication

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11
Q

what are the smallest unit of life

A

. Cells are the smallest functional unit of life , the smallest thing , that can carry out all of the necessary functions of life.

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12
Q

how many kinds of epithelial tissue are there?

A

2 covering/ linning and glandular

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13
Q

what does epthelial tissue do ?

A

forms boundaries between the external and internal envrionments

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14
Q

give an example of epithelilal tissues

A

Like the skin, it can also form boundaries in side of our bodies like digestive system. You find this in the lining of digestive track organs and on the epidermis.

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15
Q

glandular is a type of ….?

A

epithelial tissue

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16
Q

where is glandular tissue found

A

• Glandular: They are tissues that are found in glands that are involved in the secreting molecules, and hormones.

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17
Q

describe covering and linning epithelial tissue

A

• Covering and lining epithelial tissue: this is the tissue that is found on external and internal environments. For example our skin, lining of the digestive tract. They are cells that provide some kind of covering.

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18
Q

what is the function of connective tissue

A

This tissue provides support protection and binding other tissues together.

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19
Q

in a bone a kind of connective tissue

A

yea

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20
Q

give 2 examples of connectivve tissue

A

bones and tendons

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21
Q

what is the most abundant primary tissue

A

connective tissue

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22
Q

blood is what kind of tissue

A

connective tissue

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23
Q

tendons are what kind of tissue

A

connective

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24
Q

how many kinds of muscle tissue are thre

A

3

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25
Q

what is the primary function of muscle tissue

A

It is primarily involved in motion, it is responsible for most types of movement.

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26
Q

list the 3 kinds of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle tissue , cardiac tissue , smooth muscle tissue

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27
Q

describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

Skeletal Muscle tissue: skeletal muscles are muscles that are attached to our bones, they give us leverage so we can move our bones around

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28
Q

describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissues: There is cardiac tissue this is found in the our in heart. This is involved in the beating of our heart. When our heart is beating, it is cardiac muscle that is providing it.

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29
Q

describe smooth muscle tissue

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue: There is also smooth muscle this is associated with hollow organs like the stomach and intestines. As food is moving through our stomach it is moving through peristosis, basically it is contracting, moving the food along

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30
Q

what are the 2 involuntary muscles

A

Smooth Muscle & Cardiac Muscle

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31
Q

what is the only kind of muscle that we can control

A

skeletal tissue

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32
Q

nervous tissue makes up the …

A

nervous system

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33
Q

nerouvus tissue is found in these 3 places

A

brain , spinal cord and nerves

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34
Q

nervous tissue plays a role in…

A

regulating and controlling body functions.

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35
Q

Homeostatic response is coordinated and mediated through the…

A

nervous system

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36
Q

name the 2 kinds of cells that make uo nervous tissue

A
  • Neurons: specialized nerve cells that propagate action potentials
  • Neuralgia: supportive cells that insulate and help nerve cells
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37
Q

bones are a kind of …..

A

skeletal tissue

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38
Q

what is cartilage mostly made of

A

water

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39
Q

what is one main function of cartilage

A

provides cushioning

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40
Q

cartilage provides cushining between ….

A

joints and bones

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41
Q

Does cartialge contain blood vessels

A

no

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42
Q

does cartilage contani nerve endings

A

no

43
Q

what keeps cartilage in place

A

perichondrium

44
Q

what is the main function of perichondrium

A

it is bound on either side by a girdle also known as perichondrium (it provides a boundary to the cartilage), which is a connective tissue.

45
Q

are there blood vessels and nerve endings in the perichondrium?

A

Although there are not blood vessels and nerves in the cartilage, There are blood vessels and nerves in the perichondrium.

46
Q

what kind of cells are found in the cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

47
Q

what kind of cells are the ONLY found in cartialge

A

The only types of cells that are found in cartilage are called chondrocytes.

48
Q

another word for cell is …

A

cyte

49
Q

list the 2 functions of chondrocytes

A
  1. They function to produce and maintain the cartilagrounous matrix .
  2. They also facilitate the exchange of fluids across a matrix.
50
Q

what is a lacuna

A

A lacuna is a small cavity where they chondrocytes are found.

51
Q

how many kinds of cartilage are there

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibro
52
Q

what kind of cells to cartilage have

A

All contain chondrocytes in the lacuna , they all have extra cellular matrix )

53
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage- Provide support flexibly and resilience. Most abundant type of cartilage (it is found throughout the body) found, provides support and resilience, made up of collagen fibers. found in the articular, costal, respiratory track, thyroid, larynx, nasal, also found in major joints

54
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage, similar to hyaline cartilage but it also contains elastic fiber, it functions in providing support so that a structure can maintain its shape but also be flexible, like the ears (not the entire ear) are made out of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis is also made out of elastic cartilage

55
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

Fibrocartilage- has a lot of strength, it has very strong collagen fibers things made out of fibrocartilage: vertebral disks, the meniscus in our knee, the pubic synthesis (where the pubic bones come together).

56
Q

what is the most abundant kind of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

57
Q

whrere is hyaline cartilage found

A

articular, costal, respiratory track, thyroid, larynx, nasal, also found in major joints

58
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

ears (not the entire ear) are made out of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis is also made out of elastic cartilage.

59
Q

where is fibriocartilage found

A

vertebral disks, the meniscus in our knee, the pubic synthesis (where the pubic bones come together).

60
Q

the axial skeleton consists of the

A

vertebral column , thorrracic cage and skull

61
Q

list the 2 ways that cartilage grows

A

appositional growth, interstitial growth

62
Q

what kind of divisions do chondrocytes undergo

A

mitosis

63
Q

what kind of growth does interstitial growth give you

A

you are going to get growth or expansion of the cartilage from within.

64
Q

in appositoinal growth, new cells form at the

A

New cells form at the perichondrium (not from within).

65
Q

what kind of growth results from appostional growth

A
  1. Appositional growth: cells that are secreting matrix against the external cells of the existing matrix. New cells form at the perichondrium (not from within). The chondrocytes secrete new cells on the side, not from within
66
Q

what is a fibroblast

A

cells that are not differentiated yet, they will differentiate into chondrocytes.

67
Q

how many bones are there in the skeleton

A

206

68
Q

how many groups are bones divided into

A

2Axial skeleton- skull, vertebral column , thoracic cage

2. Appendicular skeleton- appendages

69
Q

How are bones categorized?

A

Bones are classified by how they are shaped

70
Q

define long bones

A

Long bones= longer then they are wide. Like the Femur, tibia, fibula, flanges

71
Q

define flat bones

A

Flat bones= thin, flat and slightly curved. Bones that make up our skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

72
Q

define irregular bones

A

Irregular Bones= have a funky shape, the bones that make up our spine,(vertebra)

73
Q

define short bones

A

Short bones = cube shaped bones, patella, bones in our hand in feet they can vary in size and number in different people.

74
Q

list the 7 functions of bone

A 
support 
protection
movment
mineral and growth factor storage 
blood cell formation 
fat storage
hormone regulation
75
Q

can minerals be released from bones

A

yesThe calcium ions can be released from bones. The minerals (for example calcium) can be released as ions into the body.

76
Q

what is hematoposis

A

hematopoiesis is the technical term for blood cell formation. The blood cell formation occurs in the red marrow. In other words, new blood cells become formed in the red marrow

77
Q

what are osteocalcines

A

they regulate bone formation

78
Q

whatprotects against obesity, glucose intolerance and diabetes.

A

osteocalcines

79
Q

what are bones

A

organs

80
Q

why are bones considered organs

A

Why are bones considered organs?
Bones are considered organs because they contain different type of tissues (which makes them organs). Bones are comprised of different kinds of tissues: ….which makes them an organ

81
Q

list the 3 levels of structure that we can look at bones

A

gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy
chemical structure

82
Q

describe compact bone

A

Compact: makes up the dense outer layer of a bone, tends to be smooth (when you run your hand along it. it is also pretty solid. The outside of the femur is made of this is often on the outer surface of a bone.

83
Q

describe spongy bone

A

Spongy: looks like honeycomb, it is in the interior part of the bone made of flat pieces called trabeculae or diplopia is usually found on the interior part of the bone.

84
Q

what are the 2 main components of a long bone

A
  • Diphase

* Epiffasis

85
Q

define daphysis

A

Diaphysis (main shaft that makes up the main axis of the bone). It has compact bone that surrounds the cavity on the inside. The cavity is for fat storage.

86
Q

where is the epiphis found on a long bone

A

proximal and distal parts of the bone.

87
Q

another terms for growth plate is

A

epithesial line

88
Q

what are the 2 memebranes associated with bone

A

periostium and endostium

89
Q

define periostium

A

periosteum - it lines the outside of the bone, white membrane. It has a fibrous layer of dense tissue. There is an osteogenic layer that contains stem cells they are the precursor to bone cells. It provides an anchoring point for tendons and ligaments. Membrane on the outer edge of the bone.

90
Q

define endostium

A

Endostium- covers internal bone surfaces, the trubicule are covered with this. The compact bone has blood vessels in canal that are lined with this. Have osteogenic cells that can create more cells. Covers the internal parts of the bone.

91
Q

is there bone marrow in short , irregular or flat bones

A

There Is bone marrow, but they do not have a central cavity with bone, like in the long bones.

92
Q

is there a growth plate on short irregular or flat bones

A

None of them have diahphese or epishaphsis , so none have a growth plate.

93
Q

what isHomoeotic tissue

A

Homoeotic tissue= Red Marrow

94
Q

where are new blood cells being produced

A

Areas in adult bones where new blood cells are being produced are in the hemapoatic tissue,.

95
Q

where is hemapoatic tissue found

A

These are primarily found in the heads of the bones (proximal and distal ends of the bones) This is found in the diploe of the short bones.

96
Q

do older people or younger people have more red marrow

A

In new born infants, there is a lot more red marrow! It is found in all of the different spaces in the spongy bone

97
Q

if a bone has a lot of ridges what does that likely mean

A

. Any place that you have a place of attachment for these things, you tend yo see increased reegousity to the bone (incr4eased ridges, because the bone is being pulled on) You will also see increased projections where there are joint articulated surfaces (where bones are coming together)

98
Q

what are foramina

A

Foramina = Holes in the bones are places where blood vessels and nerves are going through those bones.

99
Q

list the 5 kinds of cells that are found in the body

A
  1. Osteogenic/ osteogeniar Cells- they are stem cells in the periosteaum and endostium that give rise to osteoblasts. They are essentially stem cells, that give rise to osteoblasts
  2. Osteoblasts- bone forming cells, they are responsible for creating the bone. They are very active mitotically , they are constantly dividing and reproducing mitocitoially
  3. Osteocytes= mature bone cells that are found in lacunae. They function in monitoring and maintaining bone matrix.
  4. Osteoclasts- They breakdown/ resorb bone. They have lots of invaginations which function to increase SURFACE AREA along which they can break down bone.
  5. Bone lining Cells- Not a lot is known about these, but in general they help to maintain the bone.
100
Q

define osteogenic cells

A
  1. Osteogenic/ osteogeniar Cells- they are stem cells in the periosteaum and endostium that give rise to osteoblasts. They are essentially stem cells, that give rise to osteoblasts
101
Q

what kind of cell gives rise to osteoblasts

A
  1. Osteogenic/ osteogeniar
102
Q

T/F bone is half as strong as steel in resisting tension

A

false,Bone is half as strong as steel in resisting compression. As strong as steel in resisting tension.

103
Q

what is osteogeneisis

A

Osteogenisis = the development of bones

bio 2010 (13 decks)

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