lecture 3 Flashcards
define tissues
– Groups of cells similar in structure that perform
common or related func2on
the study of tissues is called
histology
how many primary tissues are there
4
list the 4 primary tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle Tissue
• Nerve Tissue
epthelial tissues:
covers
connective tissue:
supports
muscle tissue
produces movment
nerve tissue
controls
what 3 things have nervous tissue
brain spinal cord and nerves
nervous tissue is used for
internal communication
what are the smallest unit of life
. Cells are the smallest functional unit of life , the smallest thing , that can carry out all of the necessary functions of life.
how many kinds of epithelial tissue are there?
2 covering/ linning and glandular
what does epthelial tissue do ?
forms boundaries between the external and internal envrionments
give an example of epithelilal tissues
Like the skin, it can also form boundaries in side of our bodies like digestive system. You find this in the lining of digestive track organs and on the epidermis.
glandular is a type of ….?
epithelial tissue
where is glandular tissue found
• Glandular: They are tissues that are found in glands that are involved in the secreting molecules, and hormones.
describe covering and linning epithelial tissue
• Covering and lining epithelial tissue: this is the tissue that is found on external and internal environments. For example our skin, lining of the digestive tract. They are cells that provide some kind of covering.
what is the function of connective tissue
This tissue provides support protection and binding other tissues together.
in a bone a kind of connective tissue
yea
give 2 examples of connectivve tissue
bones and tendons
what is the most abundant primary tissue
connective tissue
blood is what kind of tissue
connective tissue
tendons are what kind of tissue
connective
how many kinds of muscle tissue are thre
3
what is the primary function of muscle tissue
It is primarily involved in motion, it is responsible for most types of movement.
list the 3 kinds of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle tissue , cardiac tissue , smooth muscle tissue
describe skeletal muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscle tissue: skeletal muscles are muscles that are attached to our bones, they give us leverage so we can move our bones around
describe cardiac muscle tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissues: There is cardiac tissue this is found in the our in heart. This is involved in the beating of our heart. When our heart is beating, it is cardiac muscle that is providing it.
describe smooth muscle tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue: There is also smooth muscle this is associated with hollow organs like the stomach and intestines. As food is moving through our stomach it is moving through peristosis, basically it is contracting, moving the food along
what are the 2 involuntary muscles
Smooth Muscle & Cardiac Muscle
what is the only kind of muscle that we can control
skeletal tissue
nervous tissue makes up the …
nervous system
nerouvus tissue is found in these 3 places
brain , spinal cord and nerves
nervous tissue plays a role in…
regulating and controlling body functions.
Homeostatic response is coordinated and mediated through the…
nervous system
name the 2 kinds of cells that make uo nervous tissue
- Neurons: specialized nerve cells that propagate action potentials
- Neuralgia: supportive cells that insulate and help nerve cells
bones are a kind of …..
skeletal tissue
what is cartilage mostly made of
water
what is one main function of cartilage
provides cushioning
cartilage provides cushining between ….
joints and bones
Does cartialge contain blood vessels
no
does cartilage contani nerve endings
no
what keeps cartilage in place
perichondrium
what is the main function of perichondrium
it is bound on either side by a girdle also known as perichondrium (it provides a boundary to the cartilage), which is a connective tissue.
are there blood vessels and nerve endings in the perichondrium?
Although there are not blood vessels and nerves in the cartilage, There are blood vessels and nerves in the perichondrium.
what kind of cells are found in the cartilage
Chondrocytes
what kind of cells are the ONLY found in cartialge
The only types of cells that are found in cartilage are called chondrocytes.
another word for cell is …
cyte
list the 2 functions of chondrocytes
- They function to produce and maintain the cartilagrounous matrix .
- They also facilitate the exchange of fluids across a matrix.
what is a lacuna
A lacuna is a small cavity where they chondrocytes are found.
how many kinds of cartilage are there
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibro
what kind of cells to cartilage have
All contain chondrocytes in the lacuna , they all have extra cellular matrix )
describe hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage- Provide support flexibly and resilience. Most abundant type of cartilage (it is found throughout the body) found, provides support and resilience, made up of collagen fibers. found in the articular, costal, respiratory track, thyroid, larynx, nasal, also found in major joints
describe elastic cartilage
Elastic cartilage, similar to hyaline cartilage but it also contains elastic fiber, it functions in providing support so that a structure can maintain its shape but also be flexible, like the ears (not the entire ear) are made out of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis is also made out of elastic cartilage
describe fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage- has a lot of strength, it has very strong collagen fibers things made out of fibrocartilage: vertebral disks, the meniscus in our knee, the pubic synthesis (where the pubic bones come together).
what is the most abundant kind of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
whrere is hyaline cartilage found
articular, costal, respiratory track, thyroid, larynx, nasal, also found in major joints
where is elastic cartilage found
ears (not the entire ear) are made out of elastic cartilage, the epiglottis is also made out of elastic cartilage.
where is fibriocartilage found
vertebral disks, the meniscus in our knee, the pubic synthesis (where the pubic bones come together).
the axial skeleton consists of the
vertebral column , thorrracic cage and skull
list the 2 ways that cartilage grows
appositional growth, interstitial growth
what kind of divisions do chondrocytes undergo
mitosis
what kind of growth does interstitial growth give you
you are going to get growth or expansion of the cartilage from within.
in appositoinal growth, new cells form at the
New cells form at the perichondrium (not from within).
what kind of growth results from appostional growth
- Appositional growth: cells that are secreting matrix against the external cells of the existing matrix. New cells form at the perichondrium (not from within). The chondrocytes secrete new cells on the side, not from within
what is a fibroblast
cells that are not differentiated yet, they will differentiate into chondrocytes.
how many bones are there in the skeleton
206
how many groups are bones divided into
2Axial skeleton- skull, vertebral column , thoracic cage
2. Appendicular skeleton- appendages
How are bones categorized?
Bones are classified by how they are shaped
define long bones
Long bones= longer then they are wide. Like the Femur, tibia, fibula, flanges
define flat bones
Flat bones= thin, flat and slightly curved. Bones that make up our skull, sternum, ribs, scapula
define irregular bones
Irregular Bones= have a funky shape, the bones that make up our spine,(vertebra)
define short bones
Short bones = cube shaped bones, patella, bones in our hand in feet they can vary in size and number in different people.
list the 7 functions of bone
support protection movment mineral and growth factor storage blood cell formation fat storage hormone regulation
can minerals be released from bones
yesThe calcium ions can be released from bones. The minerals (for example calcium) can be released as ions into the body.
what is hematoposis
hematopoiesis is the technical term for blood cell formation. The blood cell formation occurs in the red marrow. In other words, new blood cells become formed in the red marrow
what are osteocalcines
they regulate bone formation
whatprotects against obesity, glucose intolerance and diabetes.
osteocalcines
what are bones
organs
why are bones considered organs
Why are bones considered organs?
Bones are considered organs because they contain different type of tissues (which makes them organs). Bones are comprised of different kinds of tissues: ….which makes them an organ
list the 3 levels of structure that we can look at bones
gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy
chemical structure
describe compact bone
Compact: makes up the dense outer layer of a bone, tends to be smooth (when you run your hand along it. it is also pretty solid. The outside of the femur is made of this is often on the outer surface of a bone.
describe spongy bone
Spongy: looks like honeycomb, it is in the interior part of the bone made of flat pieces called trabeculae or diplopia is usually found on the interior part of the bone.
what are the 2 main components of a long bone
- Diphase
* Epiffasis
define daphysis
Diaphysis (main shaft that makes up the main axis of the bone). It has compact bone that surrounds the cavity on the inside. The cavity is for fat storage.
where is the epiphis found on a long bone
proximal and distal parts of the bone.
another terms for growth plate is
epithesial line
what are the 2 memebranes associated with bone
periostium and endostium
define periostium
periosteum - it lines the outside of the bone, white membrane. It has a fibrous layer of dense tissue. There is an osteogenic layer that contains stem cells they are the precursor to bone cells. It provides an anchoring point for tendons and ligaments. Membrane on the outer edge of the bone.
define endostium
Endostium- covers internal bone surfaces, the trubicule are covered with this. The compact bone has blood vessels in canal that are lined with this. Have osteogenic cells that can create more cells. Covers the internal parts of the bone.
is there bone marrow in short , irregular or flat bones
There Is bone marrow, but they do not have a central cavity with bone, like in the long bones.
is there a growth plate on short irregular or flat bones
None of them have diahphese or epishaphsis , so none have a growth plate.
what isHomoeotic tissue
Homoeotic tissue= Red Marrow
where are new blood cells being produced
Areas in adult bones where new blood cells are being produced are in the hemapoatic tissue,.
where is hemapoatic tissue found
These are primarily found in the heads of the bones (proximal and distal ends of the bones) This is found in the diploe of the short bones.
do older people or younger people have more red marrow
In new born infants, there is a lot more red marrow! It is found in all of the different spaces in the spongy bone
if a bone has a lot of ridges what does that likely mean
. Any place that you have a place of attachment for these things, you tend yo see increased reegousity to the bone (incr4eased ridges, because the bone is being pulled on) You will also see increased projections where there are joint articulated surfaces (where bones are coming together)
what are foramina
Foramina = Holes in the bones are places where blood vessels and nerves are going through those bones.
list the 5 kinds of cells that are found in the body
- Osteogenic/ osteogeniar Cells- they are stem cells in the periosteaum and endostium that give rise to osteoblasts. They are essentially stem cells, that give rise to osteoblasts
- Osteoblasts- bone forming cells, they are responsible for creating the bone. They are very active mitotically , they are constantly dividing and reproducing mitocitoially
- Osteocytes= mature bone cells that are found in lacunae. They function in monitoring and maintaining bone matrix.
- Osteoclasts- They breakdown/ resorb bone. They have lots of invaginations which function to increase SURFACE AREA along which they can break down bone.
- Bone lining Cells- Not a lot is known about these, but in general they help to maintain the bone.
define osteogenic cells
- Osteogenic/ osteogeniar Cells- they are stem cells in the periosteaum and endostium that give rise to osteoblasts. They are essentially stem cells, that give rise to osteoblasts
what kind of cell gives rise to osteoblasts
- Osteogenic/ osteogeniar
T/F bone is half as strong as steel in resisting tension
false,Bone is half as strong as steel in resisting compression. As strong as steel in resisting tension.
what is osteogeneisis
Osteogenisis = the development of bones
