Lecture 9: PEST MANAGEMENT Flashcards
living organisms that affect plant thereby reducing yield and/or quality of the harvested product
PESTS
causes 35% crop losses according to FAO
PESTS
pests that brought down the CITRUS industry
leaf mottling or greening disease
pests that brought down the PAPAYA industry
papaya ringspot virus (partic. in Laguna and Cavite)
pests that brought down the BANANA industry
Panama wilt or Fusarium wilt
because of pests in banana, what were changes made
change variety from Michel to Cavendish; relocate plantations sa Pinas
pests that brought down the MANGO industry
mango hoppers
highly destructive to mango flowers
mango hoppers
pests that brought down the COCONUT industry
coconut scale insect (CSI) Aspidiotus rigidus
pests that affected more than 1.2M coconut trees in Calabarzon
coconut scale insect (Aspidiotus rigidus)
TYPE of pests
- pathogens
- insects and mites
- weeds
- vertebrate pests
organisms that cause diseases or abnormalities in plants
pathogen
damages of pathogens to plants
- kill the host cells
- block the passage of water and nutrients
- consume cell contents
- blocking of the surface of the leaf
- taking over the control
causes soft rot
Erwinia caratovora
causes bacterial wilt in banana
Rawlstonia solanacearum
causes wilt in tomato
Fusarium oxysporum
causes anthracnose in mango, citrus and eggplant
Colletotrichum gloeosporoides;
causes sooty mold in mango
Capnodium mangiferum
causes powdery mildew in cucurbits
Peronospora sp
ways by which pathogens infect and spread in plants
- entry through the wounds and natural openings;
- direct penetration of the host cells;
- by mere contact or through vectors/carriers; and
- use of infected planting materials
members of the anthropod and arachnid family, respectively
insect pest and mites
nature of damage of insect pest and mites
- tearing and eating
- sucking the cell up
- boring and feeding
- spreading the pathogen
example of insects that damages by CHEWING
larvae of butterflies and moth
an example of SUCKING insects
thrips, aphids, mealybugs, mites, scale insects
pest that spreads pathogens
insect vectors
plants that grow where they are unwanted
WEEDS
damages brought by weeds
- COMPETE for nutrients
- INTERFERE with farm operations such as spraying
- HIDING SPOTS of insects and pests
- HOST of plant diseases
mammals which include rats, birds, man, animals, etc.
vertebrate pests
pest that eat the plant parts particularly fruits and leaves
vertebrate pests
major pest- disease in Abaca and Banana
Aphids vector - bunchy-top
major pest - disease in rice
leaf hopper - tungro
major pest - disease in corn
corn borer - downy mil
major pest - disease in corn
corn borer - downy mildew
major pest - disease in mango
hopper - anthracnose
major pest - disease in coffee
berry hopper - rust
an approach that employs the combination of techniques and strategies to control wide variety of pests that threaten the crop with no significant adverse effect on the environment.
integrated pest management pest management (IPM)
components of IPM
- varietal resistance
- bio control
- physico-socio control
components of IPM
- varietal resistance
- bio control
- physico-cultural control
a. physical methods
b. cultural method - use of pesticides
variety of tomato resistant to bacterial wilt
Marikit at Marilag
variety of corn resistant to downy mildew
UPCA Var 1
sigatoka-resistant variety of banana
SABA
variety of cucumber resistant to downy mildew
UPL-Cu1 and UPL-Cu2
variety of corn resistant to corn borer
Yieldgard
variety of papaya resistant to ringspot virus
SINTA
natural or artificial suppression of pest population by living organism e.g., parasites, predators, and pathogens
biological control
involves the introduction of natural enemies; augmentation of existing organism and conservation of those existing agents
biological control
a parasitoid against scale insects of citrus
Aphytis lingnanensis
for control of Diamondback moth of cabbage
Diadegma semiclausum and Cotesia plutellae
physical methods in IPM
a. quarantine
b. use of physical irritants/scarecrows/sound waves
c. use of chemical attractants
d. use of artificial light
e. use of physical barriers
f. trapping
g. use of sterile male technique
(physical methods in IPM) restricts the entry/movement of diseases plants in an area
quarantine
(physical methods in IPM) protect the plants from insect pests, vectors, and birds
screen house
use of screenhouse
- to keep sources of scion free from insect vectors of viruses
- to keep propagated materials free from vectors
(physical methods in IPM) methyl eugenol mixed with insecticide to attract and kill male fruitfly
pheromones
(physical methods in IPM) to control noctural insects that are active at night
use of artificial light
(physical methods in IPM) protects fruit from damage by fruitfly
bagging
(physical methods in IPM) control rats from damaging (feeding on)
coconut fruits
rat guard
cultural methods in IPM
a. sanitation/rouging
b. proper spacing
c. proper drainage improve land prep
d. organic farming
e. balance nutrition/fertilization
f. planting mixed
g. crop rotation
h. planting plants with anti-microb properties
i. use of botanical pesticides
(cultural methods in IPM) removal of infested/infected plant parts; removal of fruits fallen on the ground
sanitation/rouging
(cultural methods in IPM) where optimum spacing must be observed
proper spacing
(cultural methods in IPM) improves soil aeration, keep the field drained
proper drainage and improve land preparation
(cultural methods in IPM)
no chemical pesticides and use of natural fertilizers
organic farming
(cultural methods in IPM)
-has an anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal properties
-effective against insect pests of rice
neem extract
(cultural methods in IPM) has insect-repellant property
marigold
(cultural methods in IPM) extracted from chrysanthemum flowers
pyrethrins
(cultural methods in IPM) extracted from derris
rotenone
types of pesticides
a. Insecticides
b. Fungicides
c. Herbicides/Weedicides
d. Nematicides
e. Rodenticides
hot pepper; makabuhay, Neem,
Derris sp. (tubli), tobacco etc.
natural pesticides
use of combination of strategies to reduce damage caused by weeds with no significant adverse effect on the environment.
integrated weed management (IWM)
methods of controlling weeds
- physical/mechanical
- cultural
- chemical
(physical methods in IWM)
pulling, slashing, mowing
(cultural methods in IWM)
mulching, flooding
(chemical methods in IWM)
use of herbicides
ex. glyphosate
six basic components of the american IPM
- acceptable pest levels
- monitoring
- preventive cultural practices
- mechanical controls
- bio controls
- responsibe use