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AGRI 32 > Lecture 8: SOIL AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES > Flashcards

Lecture 8: SOIL AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Flashcards

1
Q

RATIONALE IN PROPER SOIL MANAGEMENT

A

-the inherent capacity of soil to supply nutrients
is dynamic (changing).
-processes that lead to nutrient losses and ways to minimize such losses

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2
Q

PROCESSES THAT LEAD TO NUTRIENT LOSSES AND HOW TO MINIMIZE SUCH LOSSES

A
  1. leaching
  2. volatilization
  3. erosion
  4. crop nutrient removal
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3
Q

PROCESSES THAT LEAD TO NUTRIENT LOSSES

loss of nutrients through percolation, particularly of negatively charged ions

A

leaching

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4
Q

PROCESSES THAT LEAD TO NUTRIENT LOSSES

loss of nutrients in gaseous form (ammonium) forming fertilizers like Ammonium Sulfate and
Urea)

A

volatilization

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5
Q

PROCESSES THAT LEAD TO NUTRIENT LOSSES

loss of nutrients through loss of topsoil

A

erosion

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6
Q

PROCESSES THAT LEAD TO NUTRIENT LOSSES

considerable amount of nutrients lost through the uptake by plants and harvested by grows

A

crop nutrient removal

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7
Q

application of nutrient-containing materials to improve or maintain the optimum nutrient levels in the plant and in the soil

A

fertilization

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8
Q

practices which aimed at improving and maintaining soil productivity, including soil conservation measures that minimize nutrient losses from the soil due to soil erosion and volatilization

A

PROPER SOIL MANAGEMENT

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9
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

A
  1. field fertilizer trial
  2. nutrient deficiency symptoms
  3. soil analysis (OM, PK content)
  4. tissue analysis
  5. crop nutrient removal
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10
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

experiments done in farmers’ field to assess the effect of various levels of fertilizer and their interaction with all the existing factors of crop growth and development in each site

A

field fertilizer trial

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11
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

most reliable but expensive

A

field fertilizer trial

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12
Q

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

causes general yellowing of leaves and stunted growth

A

lack of N

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13
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

involves chemical analysis of representative soil samples to determine the amount of available nutrients in the soil

A

soil analysis

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14
Q

native source of N in soil

A

organic matter (OM)

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15
Q

METHODS OF DETERMINING FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS

involves chemical analysis of plant tissue (usually leaves) to determine the concentration of nutrient present in the tissue

A

tissue analysis

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16
Q

critical nutrient levels

A

N = 2.2 to 2.4%
P = 0.04 to 0.11%
K = 0.7% to 1.1%

17
Q

comparison of synthetic and natural fertilizers

A

SYNTHETIC
-product of synthesis
-mostly inorganic
-readily soluble with immed effect on plants
-contain high concentr of nutrients
-some causes +++ acidity

NATURAL
-available in nature
-mostly organic
-slow nutrient release
-contain low amount of nutrients (need large vol)
-promotes good soil phys characteristics

18
Q

EXAMPLES OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER

A

UREA (46-0-0)
Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0)
Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0)
Muriate of Potash (0-0-62)
Complete Fertilizer (14-14-14)

19
Q

MAINTENANCE AND IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL
FERTILITY

A
  1. fertilization
  2. methods of determining fertilizer reqs
  3. placement of fertilizer
  4. methods of application
20
Q

Placement of Fertilizer

A

as close as possible to the roots but without damaging the plan

21
Q

pursue adding concentrated fertilizer in contact with plants

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE: pursue—>avoid

22
Q

METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

A

A. broadcast method
B. band or trench
C. foliar application
D. fertigation

23
Q

METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

fertilizer is spread uniformly on the entire area
being fertilized

A

broadcast method

24
Q

METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

fertilizer is applied to the bottom of furrow or to
the sides of the seeds/seedlings during planting

for trees, fertilizer is applied in holes or trenches
dug within the canopy dripline and then covered
with soil

A

band or trench

25
Q

METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

for trees, fertilizer is applied in holes or trenches dug within the canopy dripline and then covered with soil

A

band or trench

26
Q

METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

fertilizer solution is applied through irrigation

A

fertigation

27
Q

METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

manual drenching of starter solution to base of newly transplanted seedlings

A

fertigation

28
Q

provides tools and strategies that determine the nutrient requirement of a crop based on plant demand and indigenous soil nutrient supply in a specific season and location

A

SITE-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

29
Q

SITE-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

A

provides tools and strategies that determine the nutrient requirement of a crop based on plant demand and indigenous soil nutrient supply in a specific season and location

30
Q

FOLIAR FERTILIZATION STEPS

A
  1. choose the right fertilizer (dapat 4 foliar)
  2. mix with water
  3. apply using a sprayer
  4. avoid applying during high heat
31
Q

FERTIGATION STEPS

A
  1. choose the appropriate fertilizers
  2. mix it with irrigation water in a tank or injector system
  3. apply the solution through the irri system
  4. monitor the application
32
Q

process by which a substance is converted into a gas or vapor and enters the atmosphere

in agriculture, it refers to the loss of nitrogen from fertilizers due to the conversion of ammonium or urea into ammonia gas

A

VOLATILIZATION

33
Q

2 practices that can minimize volatilization

A
  1. apply N fertilizer when soil is moist
  2. incorporate N fertilizer sa soil, mix it
34
Q

process by which nutrients are washed down through the soil profile and can end up in groundwater or surface water; typically occurs when there is excess rainfall or irrigation water that exceeds the soil’s ability to absorb it.

A

LEACHING

35
Q

the movement of water across the surface of the soil, carrying with it any nutrients or other materials on the soil’s surface; can occur during heavy rainfall events or when irrigation water is applied too quickly or in too great a quantity

A

RUN-OFF

36
Q

2 practices that can prevent leaching and run-off

A
  1. implementing soil conservation practices
  2. using precision irrigation and nutrient application

AGRI 32 (14 decks)

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