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cellular pathology year 2 > Lecture 9 - Neoplasms > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Neoplasms Flashcards

tumour types, characteristics, epidemiology, aetiology, basis of cancer

1
Q

what does neoplasm mean

A

abnormal mass of tissue which grows in UNCOORDINATED way and FASTER than normal tissue

remains even after initial stimulus has been removed

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2
Q

what does neoplasia mean

A

new growth

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3
Q

what is oncology

A

study of tumours

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4
Q

what is a tumour

A

swelling of part of the body generally without inflammation, caused by abnormal tissue growth

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5
Q

what two things can tumours be

A

benign and malignant

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6
Q

what 2 things are tumours made up of

A

neoplastic cells - constituite the tissue parenchyma

reactive stroma - made up of connective tissue blood vessels and immune cells

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7
Q

what 4 characterstics do malignant tumours exhibit

A
  1. malignant change is target cell -> transformation (anaplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia)
  2. growth of transformed cell
  3. local invasion
  4. distant metastasis
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8
Q

what is anaplasia

A

dedifferentiation

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9
Q

what is metaplasia

A

replacement of cell types

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10
Q

what is dysplasia

A

presence of abnormal cells in tissue (replaces normal cells)

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11
Q

what is the differentation

A

extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble to normal ones

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12
Q

what does a well differentiated neoplasm resemble

A

mature cells of origin

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13
Q

what is a poorly differentiated neoplasm composed of

A

primitive cells with little differentiation

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14
Q

how well are benign and malignant tumours differentated

A

benign - well differentiated

malignant - poor differentiation + poor prognosis

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15
Q

what is the rate of growth for benign anf malignant tumours

A

benign - progressive and slow

malignant - erratic, may be slow to rapid

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16
Q

what is the local invasion of benign and malignant

A

benign - non invasive

malignant - locally invasive

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17
Q

what is the metastasis for benign and malignant tumorus

A

benign - absent

malignant - frequent

18
Q

what is pleomorphism

A

variation in size and shape

19
Q

what is abnormal nuclear morphology

A

hyperchromasia, enlarged nucleus, chromatin clumping

20
Q

what does loss of polarity mean

A

no orientation or organisation

21
Q

what does dysplasia translate to

A

no growth

may not develop into malignancy

mildly abnormal

22
Q

what is local invasion

A

progressive

invasion of basement from tumour causes it to spread

23
Q

what is metastatis

A

spead of primary tumour to sites distant to where original tumour formed

benign do not exhibit this

24
Q

what is the 3 step process on how tumour spread

A
  1. direct seeding of body cavities
  2. lymphatic spread
  3. haematogenous spread -> invasion of arteries and veins
25
Q

what are cancer risk factors

A

age -> more likely wit old age apart from childhood cancers like leukamis

genetic predisposition -> 2 or more family members

non hereditory predisposition -> chronic inflammation, pre cancerous conditons

26
Q

what are environmental risk factors of cancer

A

Infection e.g. human papilloma virus *

Smoking

Alcohol

Obesity

Reproductive history e.g. lifelong exposure to oestrogen *

Environmental carcinogens e.g. UV light, asbestos

27
Q

what are the most popular cancers in females

A

breast

lung

bowel

28
Q

what are the most common cancers in men

A

prostate

lung

bowel

29
Q

name reasons why cancer is one of the most efficient cell types

A

does not need external signals to receive growth factors

altered cellular metabolism

evasion of apoptosis

can avoid immune response

30
Q

what is the genetics and epigenetics of cancer

A
  1. non lethal genetic damage e.g. inherited mutations
  2. clonal expansion of single cell with geneic abnormalities
31
Q

what are the principle target of cancer causing mutations (oncogenes)

A
  1. Growth promoting PROTO-ONCOGENES and ONCOGENES
  2. Growth inhibiting TUMOUR
    SUPPRESSOR GENES
  3. Genes involved in apoptosis
  4. Genes involved in DNA repair
32
Q

what is oncogenesis

A

the process by which a normal cell becomes a cancerous cell

33
Q

what are three mutation in growth promoting genes

A

proto-oncogenes

oncogenes

oncoprotein

34
Q

what are proto oncogenes

A

normal cellular genes whose products promote proliferation

35
Q

what are oncogenes

A

mutated or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes that have lost dependence on normal growth promoting signals

36
Q

what is an oncoprotein

A

protein encoded by oncogene driving increased proliferation

37
Q

what is the cell cycle process

A

mutation in cell growth genes

activation of oncogenes

leads to increased cyclin and CDK expression

drives cell through cell cycle continuosuly

38
Q

what are three tumour suppressor genes

A

retinoblastoma gene (RB) - negative regulator of G1/S cell cycle

p53 (guardian of genome) - regulates cell cycle progression

apoptosis (can suppress tumours but is not a gene)

39
Q

what is the mechanism of action of P53

A

G1 checkpoint

reads nad surveys DNA for damage

activates production of P21-> inhibit cyclin/cdk (cell cycle arrest), DNA repair proteins and apoptotic proteins

40
Q

what does telomerase do in cancer

A

changes length of telomeres

makes cell have limitless replicative potential

cellular pathology year 2 (12 decks)

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