Lecture 9 - Neoplasms

Question 1

what does neoplasm mean

Answer 1

abnormal mass of tissue which grows in UNCOORDINATED way and FASTER than normal tissue

remains even after initial stimulus has been removed

Question 2

what does neoplasia mean

Answer 2

new growth

Question 3

what is oncology

Answer 3

study of tumours

Question 4

what is a tumour

Answer 4

swelling of part of the body generally without inflammation, caused by abnormal tissue growth

Question 5

what two things can tumours be

Answer 5

benign and malignant

Question 6

what 2 things are tumours made up of

Answer 6

neoplastic cells - constituite the tissue parenchyma

reactive stroma - made up of connective tissue blood vessels and immune cells

Question 7

what 4 characterstics do malignant tumours exhibit

Answer 7

1. malignant change is target cell -> transformation (anaplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia)
2. growth of transformed cell
3. local invasion
4. distant metastasis

Question 8

what is anaplasia

Answer 8

dedifferentiation

Question 9

what is metaplasia

Answer 9

replacement of cell types

Question 10

what is dysplasia

Answer 10

presence of abnormal cells in tissue (replaces normal cells)

Question 11

what is the differentation

Answer 11

extent to which neoplastic parenchymal cells resemble to normal ones

Question 12

what does a well differentiated neoplasm resemble

Answer 12

mature cells of origin

Question 13

what is a poorly differentiated neoplasm composed of

Answer 13

primitive cells with little differentiation

Question 14

how well are benign and malignant tumours differentated

Answer 14

benign - well differentiated

malignant - poor differentiation + poor prognosis

Question 15

what is the rate of growth for benign anf malignant tumours

Answer 15

benign - progressive and slow

malignant - erratic, may be slow to rapid

Question 16

what is the local invasion of benign and malignant

Answer 16

benign - non invasive

malignant - locally invasive

Question 17

what is the metastasis for benign and malignant tumorus

Answer 17

benign - absent

malignant - frequent

Question 18

what is pleomorphism

Answer 18

variation in size and shape

Question 19

what is abnormal nuclear morphology

Answer 19

hyperchromasia, enlarged nucleus, chromatin clumping

Question 20

what does loss of polarity mean

Answer 20

no orientation or organisation

Question 21

what does dysplasia translate to

Answer 21

no growth

may not develop into malignancy

mildly abnormal

Question 22

what is local invasion

Answer 22

progressive

invasion of basement from tumour causes it to spread

Question 23

what is metastatis

Answer 23

spead of primary tumour to sites distant to where original tumour formed

benign do not exhibit this

Question 24

what is the 3 step process on how tumour spread

Answer 24

1. direct seeding of body cavities
2. lymphatic spread
3. haematogenous spread -> invasion of arteries and veins

Question 25

what are cancer risk factors

Answer 25

age -> more likely wit old age apart from childhood cancers like leukamis genetic predisposition -> 2 or more family members non hereditory predisposition -> chronic inflammation, pre cancerous conditons

Question 26

what are environmental risk factors of cancer

Answer 26

Infection e.g. human papilloma virus * Smoking Alcohol Obesity Reproductive history e.g. lifelong exposure to oestrogen * Environmental carcinogens e.g. UV light, asbestos

Question 27

what are the most popular cancers in females

Answer 27

breast lung bowel

Question 28

what are the most common cancers in men

Answer 28

prostate lung bowel

Question 29

name reasons why cancer is one of the most efficient cell types

Answer 29

does not need external signals to receive growth factors altered cellular metabolism evasion of apoptosis can avoid immune response

Question 30

what is the genetics and epigenetics of cancer

Answer 30

1. non lethal genetic damage e.g. inherited mutations 2. clonal expansion of single cell with geneic abnormalities

Question 31

what are the principle target of cancer causing mutations (oncogenes)

Answer 31

1. Growth promoting PROTO-ONCOGENES and ONCOGENES 2. Growth inhibiting TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENES 3. Genes involved in apoptosis 4. Genes involved in DNA repair

Question 32

what is oncogenesis

Answer 32

the process by which a normal cell becomes a cancerous cell

Question 33

what are three mutation in growth promoting genes

Answer 33

proto-oncogenes oncogenes oncoprotein

Question 34

what are proto oncogenes

Answer 34

normal cellular genes whose products promote proliferation

Question 35

what are oncogenes

Answer 35

mutated or overexpressed versions of proto-oncogenes that have lost dependence on normal growth promoting signals

Question 36

what is an oncoprotein

Answer 36

protein encoded by oncogene driving increased proliferation

Question 37

what is the cell cycle process

Answer 37

mutation in cell growth genes activation of oncogenes leads to increased cyclin and CDK expression drives cell through cell cycle continuosuly

Question 38

what are three tumour suppressor genes

Answer 38

retinoblastoma gene (RB) - negative regulator of G1/S cell cycle p53 (guardian of genome) - regulates cell cycle progression apoptosis (can suppress tumours but is not a gene)

Question 39

what is the mechanism of action of P53

Answer 39

G1 checkpoint reads nad surveys DNA for damage activates production of P21-> inhibit cyclin/cdk (cell cycle arrest), DNA repair proteins and apoptotic proteins

Question 40

what does telomerase do in cancer

Answer 40

changes length of telomeres makes cell have limitless replicative potential