Lecture 6: Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is an adaptive response

A

reversible functional and structural changes

leads to the development of new cellular state but most importantly allows cell to ADAPT and SURVIVE the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a maladaptive response

A

usually occurs in response to cellular injury and when the cell is severely stressed that they can no longer adapt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is hypertrophy and what can it allow

A

swell leading to increase in size

Cells make more intercellular structures

Response to specific stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is atrophy

A

tissue shrinkage leading to decrease in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is metaplasia

A

one cell type replaced by another in a reversible change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is hypertrophy usually in response to

A

increased demand functionally or due to specific stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is atrophy due to

A

decreased work load

diminished blood supply

pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is hyperplasia driven by

A

growth factors or increased output of new cells from tissue derived STEM CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is physiologic hyperplasia in response to

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the most common metaplasia

A

columnar to squamos epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does metaplasia replacement mean

A

cell type sensitive to stress replaced by one that is able to withstand the adverse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is metaplasia thought to be

A

reprogramming of differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is hypoxia defined as

A

oxigen deficiency interfering with aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens when there is hypoxia

A

genes are upregulated to drive the hypoxic response but sever oxygen deprivation leads to cell injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are major causes of hypoxia

A

ischemia

anaemia

cardiorespiratory failure

17
Q

what are some chemicals and drugs that drive cell injury

A

various poisons

herbicides

nitrogen dioxide

18
Q

what are infectious agents caused by

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
helminths
parasites

19
Q

what can genetic defects lead to

A

loss of protein function or accumulation of damaged DNA or misfolded protein

20
Q

what do ultrastructural changes include

A

changes in cell membrane

e.g. changes in mitochondria or nuclear changes

21
Q

what are light microscope changes

A

visible by microscopy

e.g. cell swelling or fat accumulation

22
Q

what are gross morphological changes

A

irreversible

e.g. cytoplasmic changed such as increased eosinophilia

23
Q

what is coagulative necrosis

A

Maintains architecture of dead tissue for several days

Injury denatures everything in the cell

Leukocyte recruitment to clear dying cells by phagocytosis

24
Q

what are liquefactive necrosis

A

Changes the tissue into a viscous liquid mass i.e., complete destruction

Usually during infection where leukocytes stimulated to drive liquefaction

Liquid appears a yellow colour due to the accumulation of dead leukocytes and is called PUS

25
what is apoptosis
regulated form of cell death serves to eliminate dying cells and minimise cellular damage
26
where does apoptosis occur
embryogenesis and organogenesis in hormone dependent tissue eliminated of harmful self reactive leukocytes cell loss in tissues that rapidly proliferate
27
what is the key hallmark of apoptosis
activation of specific cysteine proteases called caspases
28
what can apoptosis be activated by
DNA DAMAGE->various agents can cause breakdown of DNA and induce apoptosis ACCUMULATION OF MISFOLDED PROTEINS e.g. Alzheimer’s disease INFECTIONS e.g. HIV OBSTRUCTION OF GLANDS OR DUCTS e.g. in pancreas or kidneys
29
what are key structural features of apoptosis
Cell SHRINKAGE Chromatin CONDENSATION CYTOPLASMIC BLEBS and APOPTOTIC BODIES Phagocytosis of these apoptotic bodies->EFFEROCYTOSIS
30
what is autophagy
A form of cannibalism where the cell eats itself and recycles the contents to create new structures and provide nutrients
31
when does autophagy happen
when nutrients are deprived
32
wjat are the three major categories of autophagy
chaperone mediated microautophagy macroautophagy