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cellular pathology year 2 > Lecture 6: Pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is an adaptive response

A

reversible functional and structural changes

leads to the development of new cellular state but most importantly allows cell to ADAPT and SURVIVE the stimulus

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2
Q

what is a maladaptive response

A

usually occurs in response to cellular injury and when the cell is severely stressed that they can no longer adapt

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3
Q

what is hypertrophy and what can it allow

A

swell leading to increase in size

Cells make more intercellular structures

Response to specific stimuli

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4
Q

what is atrophy

A

tissue shrinkage leading to decrease in size

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5
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

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6
Q

what is metaplasia

A

one cell type replaced by another in a reversible change

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7
Q

what is hypertrophy usually in response to

A

increased demand functionally or due to specific stimuli

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8
Q

what is atrophy due to

A

decreased work load

diminished blood supply

pressure

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9
Q

what is hyperplasia driven by

A

growth factors or increased output of new cells from tissue derived STEM CELLS

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10
Q

what is physiologic hyperplasia in response to

A

hormones

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11
Q

what is the most common metaplasia

A

columnar to squamos epithelium

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12
Q

what does metaplasia replacement mean

A

cell type sensitive to stress replaced by one that is able to withstand the adverse pressure

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13
Q

what is metaplasia thought to be

A

reprogramming of differentiation

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14
Q

what is hypoxia defined as

A

oxigen deficiency interfering with aerobic respiration

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15
Q

what happens when there is hypoxia

A

genes are upregulated to drive the hypoxic response but sever oxygen deprivation leads to cell injury

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16
Q

what are major causes of hypoxia

A

ischemia

anaemia

cardiorespiratory failure

17
Q

what are some chemicals and drugs that drive cell injury

A

various poisons

herbicides

nitrogen dioxide

18
Q

what are infectious agents caused by

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
helminths
parasites

19
Q

what can genetic defects lead to

A

loss of protein function or accumulation of damaged DNA or misfolded protein

20
Q

what do ultrastructural changes include

A

changes in cell membrane

e.g. changes in mitochondria or nuclear changes

21
Q

what are light microscope changes

A

visible by microscopy

e.g. cell swelling or fat accumulation

22
Q

what are gross morphological changes

A

irreversible

e.g. cytoplasmic changed such as increased eosinophilia

23
Q

what is coagulative necrosis

A

Maintains architecture of dead tissue for several days

Injury denatures everything in the cell

Leukocyte recruitment to clear dying cells by phagocytosis

24
Q

what are liquefactive necrosis

A

Changes the tissue into a viscous liquid mass i.e., complete destruction

Usually during infection where leukocytes stimulated to drive liquefaction

Liquid appears a yellow colour due to the accumulation of dead leukocytes and is called PUS

25
Q

what is apoptosis

A

regulated form of cell death

serves to eliminate dying cells and minimise cellular damage

26
Q

where does apoptosis occur

A

embryogenesis and organogenesis

in hormone dependent tissue

eliminated of harmful self reactive leukocytes

cell loss in tissues that rapidly proliferate

27
Q

what is the key hallmark of apoptosis

A

activation of specific cysteine proteases called caspases

28
Q

what can apoptosis be activated by

A

DNA DAMAGE->various agents can cause breakdown of DNA and
induce apoptosis

ACCUMULATION OF MISFOLDED PROTEINS e.g. Alzheimer’s disease

INFECTIONS e.g. HIV

OBSTRUCTION OF GLANDS OR DUCTS e.g. in pancreas or kidneys

29
Q

what are key structural features of apoptosis

A

Cell SHRINKAGE

Chromatin CONDENSATION

CYTOPLASMIC BLEBS and APOPTOTIC BODIES

Phagocytosis of these apoptotic bodies->EFFEROCYTOSIS

30
Q

what is autophagy

A

A form of cannibalism where the cell eats itself and recycles
the contents to create new structures and provide nutrients

31
Q

when does autophagy happen

A

when nutrients are deprived

32
Q

wjat are the three major categories of autophagy

A

chaperone mediated

microautophagy

macroautophagy

cellular pathology year 2 (12 decks)

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