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cellular pathology year 2 > Lecture 3 - microscopy and tissue recognition > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - microscopy and tissue recognition Flashcards

1
Q

how do you calculate magnification

A

eyepiece magnification x objective lens
magnification power

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2
Q

what is working distance

A

Distance between objective lens and slide

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3
Q

what is resolution

A

Ability to separate two small elements in the structure of an object that are very close together

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4
Q

what is numerical aperture

A

Estimate of the amount of light from sample collected by objective lens

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5
Q

what happens if numerical aperture is low

A

the amount of light refracted is low

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6
Q

how do you get clearer resolution

A

oil and water =
+ refraction index
+ working distance
+light

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7
Q

how does light go through the micrscope

A
  • Light passes through COLLECTOR LENS which focuses it at a plane of CONDENSER DIAPHRAGM
  • Condenser lens aligns these light rays into a straight line
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8
Q

what does the objective lens do

A

gathers light from specimen and magnifies the image

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9
Q

what does the tube lens do

A

manipulates light to make the image appear even clear

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10
Q

what does the eyepiece lens do

A

magnifies the image

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11
Q

is light white

A

no - made up of different colours

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12
Q

what is the sample prep
for transmission electron microscopy

A
  1. Very thin sections so electrons can pass through
  2. Samples embedded in hard resin to make them easier to cut
  3. Allows electrons to pass through sample
  4. Samples treated with heavy metals increasing image contrast
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13
Q

what is the sample prep for scanning electron microscope

A
  1. Samples not cut into sections as it visualises just the surface
  2. Coated with thin layer of metal
  3. Samples treated with heavy metals
  4. Metal coating makes them conductive
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14
Q

what are the three main tissue types:

A

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscular tissue

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15
Q

what are the four layers of epithelial structure

A

apical surface

lateral surface

basal surface

basement membrane

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16
Q

what does the epithelial tissue do

A

covers body surfaces, hollow organs, body cavities

And forms glands

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17
Q

what does the connective tissue do

A

protects, support and binds organs

stores energyas fat

provides immunity

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18
Q

what does muscular tissue do

A

physical force required to make body structures move

generates heat

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19
Q

what does the apicalsurface contain

A

cilia or microvilli

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20
Q

what does the lateral surface contain

A

junctions

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21
Q

what does the basal surface bind to

A

basement membrane

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22
Q

what layers does the basement membrane have

A

2 layers:

  • basal lamina with laminin and collagen
  • reticular lamina with fibroblasts that make collagen
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23
Q

whats the squamous shape like and what does it allow

A

flat and wide

allow the rapid passage of substances

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24
Q

what is the cuboidal shape like

A

tall as they are wide (cube shaped)

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25
Q

what is the columnar shape like

A

taller than they are wide

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26
Q

what is the transitional shape like

A

changes shape depending on tissue

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27
Q

what is the simple arrangement

A

only one layer

cells contact basment membrane

28
Q

what does pseudostratified appear as

A

layers but cells go from apex to the base

29
Q

what is the stratified layer

A

two or more layers
only basal layer in contact with basement membrane

30
Q

where is simple squamous epithelium found

A

bodily sites - everywhere

31
Q

what do simple squamous form

A

layer around mesothelium of serous membranes

32
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found

A

in tissues with absorption and secretion roles

key organs e.g. pancreas ovaries salivary thyroid

33
Q

where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium found

A

where secretion and absorption is needed

GI tract

34
Q

what are cilia replaced by in Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

microvilli

35
Q

what are microvilli important for

A

absorption and increase overall surface area

36
Q

what does ciliated simple columnar epithelium remove

A

removes trapped particles

37
Q

where is Stratified columnar epithelium found (rare)

A

in ducts of sweat glands

plays protective role around tissues

38
Q

what structure does transitional endothelium have

A

various

39
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue

A

support

strength

protect and insulate organs

compartemnetalisation

40
Q

what are the 5 types of connective tissue

A

loose
dense
cartilage
bone
liquid

41
Q

what do fibroblasts cell look like

A

flat and have branches coming off them

42
Q

what do fibroblasts secrete

A

protein fibres and form a groundwork substrate

43
Q

what are the three main types of protein fibres

A

collagen
elastin
reticular

44
Q

what is the function of chondrocytes

A

make cartilaginous connective tissue

45
Q

what is the function of adipocytes

A

stores fat

46
Q

what are the function of osteocytes

A

makes bone

47
Q

what is an example of loose connective tissue

A

areolar

48
Q

what does areolar act as

A

packing material holding skin and underlying tissue together

packing glands, muscles and nerves together

49
Q

what distinguishes areolar or elastin

A

areolar is dark purple

50
Q

what is areolar connective tissue

A

a mature loose connective tissue

widely distributed around the body

has all 3 cell types

51
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

mature loose connective tissue

52
Q

what does adipose tissue form

A

the subcutaneous layer under skin

53
Q

what is the adipose tissue function

A

reduce heat loss
pads the tissues
stores fat as an energy store

54
Q

what type of connective tissue is reticular

A

loose connective tissue

55
Q

what does reticular connective tissue contain

A

reticular fibres and cells and forms an intertwined network

56
Q

YOU GOT THIS

A
57
Q

what is the cell and fibre type of dense irregular connective tissue

A

cell - fibroblasts

fibre - collagen

58
Q

what are dense irregular connective tissue designed to do

A

provide strength in tissue when forces are acting in multiple directions

59
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found

A

in all areas where strength is needed in one direction

60
Q

what are examples of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons and ligaments

61
Q

what is cardiac muscle tissue composed of

A

composed of intercalated discs and striations

62
Q

what is smooth muscle composed of

A

smooth muscle fibres

63
Q

give skeletal muscle features:

A

myoblast -> satellite cells on immature muscle fibre (then mature)

sarcomere - from actin and myosin

sarcoplasm and sarcolemma

64
Q

what is unique about cardiac muscle

A

it has connexins that allow action potentials to spread from one cardiac cell to another

65
Q

which muscle is voluntary and involuntary

A

smooth muscle - involuntary

cardiac muscle - involuntary

skeletal muscle - voluntary

66
Q

where is each muscle usually found

A

smooth - arteries, organs, blood vessels

cardiac - only in heart

skeletal - attached to bones via ligaments

cellular pathology year 2 (12 decks)

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