Lecture 3 - microscopy and tissue recognition

Question 1

how do you calculate magnification

Answer 1

eyepiece magnification x objective lens
magnification power

Question 2

what is working distance

Answer 2

Distance between objective lens and slide

Question 3

what is resolution

Answer 3

Ability to separate two small elements in the structure of an object that are very close together

Question 4

what is numerical aperture

Answer 4

Estimate of the amount of light from sample collected by objective lens

Question 5

what happens if numerical aperture is low

Answer 5

the amount of light refracted is low

Question 6

how do you get clearer resolution

Answer 6

oil and water =
+ refraction index
+ working distance
+light

Question 7

how does light go through the micrscope

Answer 7

• Light passes through COLLECTOR LENS which focuses it at a plane of CONDENSER DIAPHRAGM
• Condenser lens aligns these light rays into a straight line

Question 8

what does the objective lens do

Answer 8

gathers light from specimen and magnifies the image

Question 9

what does the tube lens do

Answer 9

manipulates light to make the image appear even clear

Question 10

what does the eyepiece lens do

Answer 10

magnifies the image

Question 11

is light white

Answer 11

no - made up of different colours

Question 12

what is the sample prep
for transmission electron microscopy

Answer 12

1. Very thin sections so electrons can pass through
2. Samples embedded in hard resin to make them easier to cut
3. Allows electrons to pass through sample
4. Samples treated with heavy metals increasing image contrast

Question 13

what is the sample prep for scanning electron microscope

Answer 13

1. Samples not cut into sections as it visualises just the surface
2. Coated with thin layer of metal
3. Samples treated with heavy metals
4. Metal coating makes them conductive

Question 14

what are the three main tissue types:

Answer 14

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscular tissue

Question 15

what are the four layers of epithelial structure

Answer 15

apical surface

lateral surface

basal surface

basement membrane

Question 16

what does the epithelial tissue do

Answer 16

covers body surfaces, hollow organs, body cavities

And forms glands

Question 17

what does the connective tissue do

Answer 17

protects, support and binds organs

stores energyas fat

provides immunity

Question 18

what does muscular tissue do

Answer 18

physical force required to make body structures move

generates heat

Question 19

what does the apicalsurface contain

Answer 19

cilia or microvilli

Question 20

what does the lateral surface contain

Answer 20

junctions

Question 21

what does the basal surface bind to

Answer 21

basement membrane

Question 22

what layers does the basement membrane have

Answer 22

2 layers:

• basal lamina with laminin and collagen
• reticular lamina with fibroblasts that make collagen

Question 23

whats the squamous shape like and what does it allow

Answer 23

flat and wide

allow the rapid passage of substances

Question 24

what is the cuboidal shape like

Answer 24

tall as they are wide (cube shaped)

Question 25

what is the columnar shape like

Answer 25

taller than they are wide

Question 26

what is the transitional shape like

Answer 26

changes shape depending on tissue

Question 27

what is the simple arrangement

Answer 27

only one layer cells contact basment membrane

Question 28

what does pseudostratified appear as

Answer 28

layers but cells go from apex to the base

Question 29

what is the stratified layer

Answer 29

two or more layers only basal layer in contact with basement membrane

Question 30

where is simple squamous epithelium found

Answer 30

bodily sites - everywhere

Question 31

what do simple squamous form

Answer 31

layer around mesothelium of serous membranes

Question 32

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found

Answer 32

in tissues with absorption and secretion roles key organs e.g. pancreas ovaries salivary thyroid

Question 33

where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium found

Answer 33

where secretion and absorption is needed GI tract

Question 34

what are cilia replaced by in Non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 34

microvilli

Question 35

what are microvilli important for

Answer 35

absorption and increase overall surface area

Question 36

what does ciliated simple columnar epithelium remove

Answer 36

removes trapped particles

Question 37

where is Stratified columnar epithelium found (rare)

Answer 37

in ducts of sweat glands plays protective role around tissues

Question 38

what structure does transitional endothelium have

Answer 38

various

Question 39

what are the functions of connective tissue

Answer 39

support strength protect and insulate organs compartemnetalisation

Question 40

what are the 5 types of connective tissue

Answer 40

loose dense cartilage bone liquid

Question 41

what do fibroblasts cell look like

Answer 41

flat and have branches coming off them

Question 42

what do fibroblasts secrete

Answer 42

protein fibres and form a groundwork substrate

Question 43

what are the three main types of protein fibres

Answer 43

collagen elastin reticular

Question 44

what is the function of chondrocytes

Answer 44

make cartilaginous connective tissue

Question 45

what is the function of adipocytes

Answer 45

stores fat

Question 46

what are the function of osteocytes

Answer 46

makes bone

Question 47

what is an example of loose connective tissue

Answer 47

areolar

Question 48

what does areolar act as

Answer 48

packing material holding skin and underlying tissue together packing glands, muscles and nerves together

Question 49

what distinguishes areolar or elastin

Answer 49

areolar is dark purple

Question 50

what is areolar connective tissue

Answer 50

a mature loose connective tissue widely distributed around the body has all 3 cell types

Question 51

what is adipose tissue

Answer 51

mature loose connective tissue

Question 52

what does adipose tissue form

Answer 52

the subcutaneous layer under skin

Question 53

what is the adipose tissue function

Answer 53

reduce heat loss pads the tissues stores fat as an energy store

Question 54

what type of connective tissue is reticular

Answer 54

loose connective tissue

Question 55

what does reticular connective tissue contain

Answer 55

reticular fibres and cells and forms an intertwined network

Question 56

YOU GOT THIS

Question 57

what is the cell and fibre type of dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 57

cell - fibroblasts fibre - collagen

Question 58

what are dense irregular connective tissue designed to do

Answer 58

provide strength in tissue when forces are acting in multiple directions

Question 59

where is dense regular connective tissue found

Answer 59

in all areas where strength is needed in one direction

Question 60

what are examples of dense regular connective tissue

Answer 60

tendons and ligaments

Question 61

what is cardiac muscle tissue composed of

Answer 61

composed of intercalated discs and striations

Question 62

what is smooth muscle composed of

Answer 62

smooth muscle fibres

Question 63

give skeletal muscle features:

Answer 63

myoblast -> satellite cells on immature muscle fibre (then mature) sarcomere - from actin and myosin sarcoplasm and sarcolemma

Question 64

what is unique about cardiac muscle

Answer 64

it has connexins that allow action potentials to spread from one cardiac cell to another

Question 65

which muscle is voluntary and involuntary

Answer 65

smooth muscle - involuntary cardiac muscle - involuntary skeletal muscle - voluntary

Question 66

where is each muscle usually found

Answer 66

smooth - arteries, organs, blood vessels cardiac - only in heart skeletal - attached to bones via ligaments