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cellular pathology year 2 > Lecture 5: tissue recognistion > Flashcards

Lecture 5: tissue recognistion Flashcards

1
Q

what does the heart contain

A

plenty of cardiac muscles

purkinje fibres

intercalated discs (cell to cell communication)

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2
Q

what do purkigne fibres aid in

A

synchronised contraction of the ventricles

has specialised fibres with electric cables that get excited

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3
Q

why is cardiac muscle striated

A

actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres

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4
Q

what is the tunica intima

A

inner most layer with connective tissue and elastic fibres

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5
Q

what is the tunica media

A

is middle layer

layers of smooth muscle and sheets of elastic fibres

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6
Q

what is the tunica adventitia

A

outermost layer of vessels

involved in cell movement

Dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts, elastic fibres and collagen

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7
Q

where is the tunica media thicker

A

in arteries

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8
Q

what do neutrophils have

A

multi lobed nucleus and granules

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9
Q

what do monocytes have

A

single nucleus and no granules

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10
Q

what do basophils have

A

two lobed nucleus and granules

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11
Q

what do eosinophils have

A

irregular nucleus and granules

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12
Q

what do lymphocytes have

A

single nucleus almost filling cytoplasm

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13
Q

what does a normal blood smear have

A

predominantly blood cells

small number of neutrophils

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14
Q

what do proximal tubules do and epithelium

A

reabsorbe water and nutrients from kidney ultrafiltrate

Cuboidal epithelium.

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15
Q

what is the glomerulus

A

bundle of intertwines capillaries involved in filtering blood

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16
Q

what is the distule tubule involved in and structure

A

water and salt reabsorption

More elongated and empty than proximal

Cuboidal

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17
Q

what epithelium is the kidney composed of

A

simple squamous epithelium

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18
Q

what does the bladder consist of

A

urothelium

umbrella cells

connective tissue

serosa

lamina propria

muscularis externa

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19
Q

what epithelium and cells does the bladder have

A

transitional

umbrella cells in uper layer - can be basal, intermediate and surface layer

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20
Q

what is the urothelium

A

a specialised epithelial layer lining urinary tract

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21
Q

what are the structural and functional units of thyroid gland

A

thyroid follicles

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22
Q

what does the thyroid produce

A

T3 and T4 hormones

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23
Q

what is colloid and what does it contain

A

viscous solution containing precursor thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones

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24
Q

what is the thyroid made up of and what epithelium

A

follicular cells - simple columnar to cuboidal epithelium

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25
Q

what are parafollicular cells

A

larger cells at follicle periphery with poor H and E staining that secrete calcitonin

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26
Q

what surrounds the adrenal gland

A

capsule - made up of connective tissue

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27
Q

what form the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa

zona fassiculata

zona reticularis

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28
Q

what is the zona glomerulus

A

outer layer of cells and secretes aldosterone and involved in conserving sodium

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29
Q

what is zona fassiculata

A

middle layer secreting cortisol and involved in stress response

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30
Q

what is the zona reticularis

A

inner zone secreting androgens and involved in reproduction

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31
Q

what does the adrenal medulla with chromaffin cells do

A

make epinephrine and norepinephrine

32
Q

what is the medulla the site of

A

adrenalin production

33
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas do

A

secrete water, digestive juices

34
Q

what does the endocrine pancreas do

A

regulating blood glucose levels

35
Q

what do the pancreatic ducts do

A

transport digestive juices to duodenum

36
Q

what does the cuboidal epithelial lining of pancreas do

A

secrete bicarbonate rich fluid

37
Q

what does the columnar epithelium lining of the pancreas do

A

produce mucin

38
Q

what does acini do

A

secrete digestive enzymes

39
Q

what are islet of langerhans and what do they do

A

endocrine cells in islets

secrete insulin, glucagon, somastatin and pancreatic polypeptide

40
Q

What does each endocrine cell secrete

A

beta cells -> insulin

alpha cells -> glucagon

delta cells -> somatostatin

pp cells -> pancreatic polypeptide

41
Q

what does the epididymis do

A

stores sperm

42
Q

what are the lobuli testes

A

subdivisions of testis with connective tissue

43
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

seminiferous tubules meet and sperm leaves

44
Q

what is the rete testis and epithelium

A

the connective tissue behind testis with simple cuboidal or columnar epitheliam

45
Q

what is the tunica albuginea

A

fibrous connective tissue covering testis

46
Q

what do leydig cells do

A

secrete testosterone and found in clusters

47
Q

what do seminiferous tubules do and what lines them

A

site of spermatogenesis - make sperm

and lined by germinal epithelium

48
Q

what are sertoli cells

A

barrier between blood and testis

separate basal epithelial compartment of SPERMATOGONIA from luminal compartment of SPERMATOCYTES, SPERMATIDS and SPERM

49
Q

what is the spermatogonia

A

germ cells resting on basement membrane

50
Q

what are the spermatocytes

A

arise from spermatogonia and cross basal epithelium to luminal compartment of germinal epithelium

51
Q

what does the corpus tissue do

A

cover the penis

52
Q

what is the corpus cevernosa

A

pair of vascular channels located dorsally in penis with connective tissue and smooth muscle

53
Q

what is the corpus spongiform

A

mass of spongy erectile tissue surrounding male urethra within penis

54
Q

what is the superficial fascia

A

layer of connective tissue surrounding penis

55
Q

what does the corpus spongiosum do

A

Remains flexible during erection preventing urethra from closing and allowing ejaculation

56
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

thin connective tissue lining mucosa

57
Q

what is the adventitia of the corpus spongiosum

A

outer layer fibrous connective tissue

58
Q

what epithelium are the prostate glands mainly made up of

A

pseudo stratified columnar or just cuboidal epithelium

59
Q

what layers are the prostate glands COMPOSED of

A

flat basal cell layer and overlying columnar secretory cell layer

60
Q

what is the ovaries surrounded by

A
  • surrounded by a capsule with outer cortex and inner medulla
61
Q

what is the outer layer of the ovaries called and what’s between them

A

ovarian cortex and it has ovarian follicles and stroma between them

62
Q

what epithelium is the capsule of the ovaries

A

germinal epithelium which is simply cuboidal

63
Q

what are the primordial ovarian follicles

A

primary oocytes that arent developed and surrounded by single layer of follicular cells

64
Q

what are primary follicules

A

activated primary oocytes surrounded by various layers of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells (stratum granulosa)

65
Q

what are secondary follicules

A

oocytes get larger with more follicular cells and small accumulation of fluid in intracellular space and a ZONA PELLUCIDA

66
Q

what are the mature follicle

A

stage after first meiotic division before complete ovulation; has thin stratum granulosum and area called THECA FOLLICULI with blood vessels

67
Q

formation of ovarian follicles

A

primodorial follicle responds to FSH -> primary follicle

more fsh = primary to secondary with oocyte (plus antrum, granulosa cells and stromal cells

secondary become mature

ovulation - FSH and LH peak -> estradiol is released and FSH decreases

68
Q

what is the histology of the cervix

A

transformation zone - cells can becone cancerous

endocervix - walls, simple columnar

ectocervix - stratified non squamous keratinised

cervical glands - fight infection, secrete mucous

69
Q

what is the histology of the cervical glands

A
  • Branchedglands
  • Secrete mucous
  • Located in lamina propria and comprised of simple columnar epithelium
70
Q

what is the vagina compised of at the core

A

smooth muscle and a stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

71
Q

what are the layers the vagina is split into

A

mucosa

lamina propria

circular and longitudinal muscle

adventitia

72
Q

what is the lamina propria rich in

A

collagen and elastic fibres

73
Q

what do the lobules do in the breasts

A

make milk - thin layer of connective tissue

74
Q

what do lactiferous ducts do

A

each lobe is drained by single ducts that opens into nipple and delivers milk to surface

75
Q

what are the ducts lined by

A

double layer of cuboidal or cilumnar epithelium

76
Q

what is acini made up

A

simple cuboidal or columnar secretary cells

one layer

77
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

Electrical cables that get excited

cellular pathology year 2 (12 decks)

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