Lecture 1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

what is cytology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of the cell

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2
Q

what is cytopathology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of the cell under disease conditions

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3
Q

what is histology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of tissue

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4
Q

what is histopathology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of tissue under disease conditions

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5
Q

what is an example of cytology

A

smear test

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6
Q

what is an example of histology

A

the cervical biopsy

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7
Q

what does hisotology use

A

microscope to identify patterns in the structure of normal tissue

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8
Q

what does histology allow you to understand

A

structure and architecture of the tissue

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9
Q

what can you use histology info for

A

identify what changes under PATHOLOGICAL conditions e.g. inflammation, infection

identify pathologic phenotypes and whether treatment can reverse this

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10
Q

what does the human tissue act regulate

A

use, storage, removal, activity and disposal of human tissue

post mortem specimens

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11
Q

what does THTA suggest

A

specimen use in histopathology requires consent

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12
Q

what are the 7 steps of histological staining

A
  • tissue collection
  • tissue fixation
  • tissue processing
  • tissue embedding
  • microtomy
  • tissue staining and mounting
    -microscopy
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13
Q

when is tissue collected

A

post-surgery or post-mortem

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14
Q

what kind of record need to kept

A

histopathological records:

  • date of specimen
    -type of tissue
  • other findings of pathologist
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15
Q

how is tissue preserved

A

fixing
cryofreezing

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16
Q

why is fixation important

A

protects the tissue and the structures associated with it

17
Q

what happens without tissue fixation

A

the tissue would rapidly broken down by the process of autolysis or putrefaction

18
Q

how is fixation important for the biological analysis

A
  • ensured it remains as similar to original tissue as possible
  • preserves internal structures
  • facilitates sectioning and staining by hardening tissue
19
Q

what are the two prominent ways of tissue being fixed

A

heat

chemicals

20
Q

what does chemical fixation include

A

denature proteins -> coagulative e.g alcohol and zinc

cross link membrane/ membrane proteins -> non-coagulative e.g. formaldehyde, osmium chloride

21
Q

what are the advantages of formaldehyde

A

cheap, easy to prepare

good preservation

penetrates tissue easy

doesn’t cause excessive hardening

22
Q

what are the disadvantages of formaldehyde

A

slow

inferior internal details

toxic

produces artifacts if blood in tissue

23
Q

what external factors affect fixation

A

temperature (needs to be room temp)

sample size (1-5mm thick ideal)

time (24-48 hours ideal)

pH (close to neutral)

24
Q

what happens after fixation

A

dehydration

25
what are the reagents of of dehydration
ethanol (70,90,100%) isopropyl alcohol
26
what is the next step after dehydration
clearing
27
what is clearing
removing the alcohol from tissue to make it transparent
28
what is the reagent for clearing
xylene (mixes with ethanol and paraffin)
29
how many immersions is clearing done in xylene
3
30
is xylene toxic
yes
31
YOU GOT THIS
32
what happens after clearing
embedding
33
what does embedding do
encases the tissue in a supportive structure for sectioning
34
what is the reagent for embedding
paraffin
35
what dies embedding require
the correct platform and the tissue must be placed in the correct orientation for diagnosis
36
what happens after embedding
sectioning
37
what is sectioning
cutting the tissue
38
how is sectioning performed
using a microtome machine
39
what is the summarised process of sectioning
wax is trimmed away first tissue is exposed and cut into thin sections placed on cold water placed on microscope slide