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cellular pathology year 2 > Lecture 1 - intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - intro Flashcards

1
Q

what is cytology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of the cell

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2
Q

what is cytopathology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of the cell under disease conditions

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3
Q

what is histology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of tissue

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4
Q

what is histopathology

A

study of the microscopic architecture of tissue under disease conditions

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5
Q

what is an example of cytology

A

smear test

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6
Q

what is an example of histology

A

the cervical biopsy

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7
Q

what does hisotology use

A

microscope to identify patterns in the structure of normal tissue

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8
Q

what does histology allow you to understand

A

structure and architecture of the tissue

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9
Q

what can you use histology info for

A

identify what changes under PATHOLOGICAL conditions e.g. inflammation, infection

identify pathologic phenotypes and whether treatment can reverse this

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10
Q

what does the human tissue act regulate

A

use, storage, removal, activity and disposal of human tissue

post mortem specimens

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11
Q

what does THTA suggest

A

specimen use in histopathology requires consent

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12
Q

what are the 7 steps of histological staining

A
  • tissue collection
  • tissue fixation
  • tissue processing
  • tissue embedding
  • microtomy
  • tissue staining and mounting
    -microscopy
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13
Q

when is tissue collected

A

post-surgery or post-mortem

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14
Q

what kind of record need to kept

A

histopathological records:

  • date of specimen
    -type of tissue
  • other findings of pathologist
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15
Q

how is tissue preserved

A

fixing
cryofreezing

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16
Q

why is fixation important

A

protects the tissue and the structures associated with it

17
Q

what happens without tissue fixation

A

the tissue would rapidly broken down by the process of autolysis or putrefaction

18
Q

how is fixation important for the biological analysis

A
  • ensured it remains as similar to original tissue as possible
  • preserves internal structures
  • facilitates sectioning and staining by hardening tissue
19
Q

what are the two prominent ways of tissue being fixed

A

heat

chemicals

20
Q

what does chemical fixation include

A

denature proteins -> coagulative e.g alcohol and zinc

cross link membrane/ membrane proteins -> non-coagulative e.g. formaldehyde, osmium chloride

21
Q

what are the advantages of formaldehyde

A

cheap, easy to prepare

good preservation

penetrates tissue easy

doesn’t cause excessive hardening

22
Q

what are the disadvantages of formaldehyde

A

slow

inferior internal details

toxic

produces artifacts if blood in tissue

23
Q

what external factors affect fixation

A

temperature (needs to be room temp)

sample size (1-5mm thick ideal)

time (24-48 hours ideal)

pH (close to neutral)

24
Q

what happens after fixation

A

dehydration

25
Q

what are the reagents of of dehydration

A

ethanol (70,90,100%)

isopropyl alcohol

26
Q

what is the next step after dehydration

A

clearing

27
Q

what is clearing

A

removing the alcohol from tissue to make it transparent

28
Q

what is the reagent for clearing

A

xylene (mixes with ethanol and paraffin)

29
Q

how many immersions is clearing done in xylene

A

3

30
Q

is xylene toxic

A

yes

31
Q

YOU GOT THIS

A
32
Q

what happens after clearing

A

embedding

33
Q

what does embedding do

A

encases the tissue in a supportive structure for sectioning

34
Q

what is the reagent for embedding

A

paraffin

35
Q

what dies embedding require

A

the correct platform and the tissue must be placed in the correct orientation for diagnosis

36
Q

what happens after embedding

A

sectioning

37
Q

what is sectioning

A

cutting the tissue

38
Q

how is sectioning performed

A

using a microtome machine

39
Q

what is the summarised process of sectioning

A

wax is trimmed away first

tissue is exposed and cut into thin sections

placed on cold water

placed on microscope slide

cellular pathology year 2 (12 decks)

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