Lecture 7: diseased tissues 1 Flashcards by Elaina Islam

what are the risk factors of emphysema

smoking

genetics

environmental pollution

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what are the main features of emphysema

irreversible enlargement alveoli

destruction of alveolar walls

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what is the pathogenesis of emphysema

inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes drive responses

immune cells release more proteases

infection increases inflammation

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what are the clinical features of emphysema

asymptomatic until 30% of pulmonary parenchyma is destroyed

severe weight loss

impaired expiratory airflow

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what is viral pneumonia classified as

swelling in the tissues in one or both lungs due to viral infection

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what are the typical viruses that causes of viral pneumonia

influenza A and B

RSV

rhinovirus

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what are the risk factors of viral pneumonia

age

malnutrition

alcoholism

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what are symptoms of viral pneumonia

cough and fever

shaking

muscle pain

blueness of lips

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what are the stages of diagnosis for pneumonia

xray of lungs

SPUTUM CULTURE to test lung secretions

NASAL SWAB for viral checks

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT to check for inflammatory cell changes

ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) scan of chest

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what is the treatment of pneumonia

rest

antibiotics

antivirals

fluid replacement

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what is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to

inappropriate mucosal immune activation

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what are the two main types of IBD

ulcerative colitis

crogns disease

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what is ulcerative colitis

limited to colon and rectum and extends into mucosa and submucosa

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what does crohns disease involve

involves any area of GI tract and is often transmural

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what are the causes of IBD

genetics

dysfunctional immune responses

defects in intestinal epithelium

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what is the pathogenesis of IBD

dysfunctional immune response to microbiota

epithelial defects

abnormal mucosal immune response

altered gut biome

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what happens with liver cirrhosis

healthy tossue replaced by scar tissue partially blocks blood flow through liver

how does cirrhosis affect livers ability

Control infection

Remove bacteria and toxins from blood

Process nutrients, hormones and drugs

Make proteins that regulate blood clotting

Produce bile

what are the causes of liver cirrhosis

heavy alcohol consumption

chronic infection

obesity

diabetes and protein malnutrition

what are symptoms of liver cirrhosis

fatigue

nausea

vomiting

itching

abdominal pain and bloating

what is the most common cause of dementia in adults

alzehimers disease

what are the two types of alzheimer’s disease

familal - early onset

sporadic - late onset

what are the symtpoms of alzehimers

memory loss

loss of maths skills

loss of motor skills

what is the treatment for alzehimers

no clear biomarkers or diagnostic tests until after death and no drugs or cure

where can brain tumouts arise from

anywhere across the neuronal axis from spinal cord to cerebral hemisphere

what are 80% of adult brain tumours

astrocytomas (rest are glioblastoma)

what are anstromas classified as

pilocytic, diffuse or anaplastic

what are symptoms of brain tumouts

seizures headaches focal neurological deficit

what is the WHO classification of brain tumouts

I - pilocytic astrocytoma II - diffuse astrocytoma III - anaplastic astrocytoma IV - glioblastoma

what are the clinical and genetic features of pilocytic astrocytoma

clinical - headache, nausea, systemic endocrine defects, visuion defects genetic: mutations in NF1, KRAS, FGFR1

what are the clinical and genetic features of diffuse astrocytoma

clinical: headache, nausea, vision defect, speech problems, seizures genetics: mutations in IDH and TP53

what are the clinical and genetic features of anaplastic astrocytoma

clinical: personality changes, weakness, seizures, headache genetics: mutations in TP53, ATRX, IDH

what are pilocytic names for

cells with hair like projections - common in kids

what is diffuse split into

oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma

what is anaplastic

primary malignant tumour that is diffusely infiltrating

what are the features of a classic glioblastoma

mutations in PTEN tumour suppresor gene deletions of chromosome 10

what are the features of proneural glioblastoma

common with secondary glioblastoma mutations of TP53 gene point mutations of IDH1 and IDH2

what are the features of neural glioblastoma

higher level expression of neuronal markers NEFL, GABRA1, SYT1

what are the features of mesenchymal gliobastoma

deletions of NF1 gene on chromosome17 lower expression of NF1 protein overexpression of genes involved in TNF pwathway and NFkB pathway

what are the symptoms of gliobastoma

constant headaches seizures vision problems

what is the treatment for glioblastoma

surgery radiotherapy chemotherapy

what are the subtypes of glioblastoma

classic proneural neural mesenchymal