Lecture 7: diseased tissues 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the risk factors of emphysema

A

smoking

genetics

environmental pollution

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2
Q

what are the main features of emphysema

A

irreversible enlargement alveoli

destruction of alveolar walls

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3
Q

what is the pathogenesis of emphysema

A

inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes drive responses

immune cells release more proteases

infection increases inflammation

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4
Q

what are the clinical features of emphysema

A

asymptomatic until 30% of pulmonary parenchyma is destroyed

severe weight loss

impaired expiratory airflow

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5
Q

what is viral pneumonia classified as

A

swelling in the tissues in one or both lungs due to viral infection

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6
Q

what are the typical viruses that causes of viral pneumonia

A

influenza A and B

RSV

rhinovirus

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7
Q

what are the risk factors of viral pneumonia

A

age

malnutrition

alcoholism

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8
Q

what are symptoms of viral pneumonia

A

cough and fever

shaking

muscle pain

blueness of lips

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9
Q

what are the stages of diagnosis for pneumonia

A

xray of lungs

SPUTUM CULTURE to test lung secretions

NASAL SWAB for viral checks

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT to check for inflammatory cell changes

ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) scan of chest

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10
Q

what is the treatment of pneumonia

A

rest

antibiotics

antivirals

fluid replacement

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11
Q

what is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to

A

inappropriate mucosal immune activation

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12
Q

what are the two main types of IBD

A

ulcerative colitis

crogns disease

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13
Q

what is ulcerative colitis

A

limited to colon and rectum and extends into mucosa and submucosa

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14
Q

what does crohns disease involve

A

involves any area of GI tract and is often transmural

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15
Q

what are the causes of IBD

A

genetics

dysfunctional immune responses

defects in intestinal epithelium

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16
Q

what is the pathogenesis of IBD

A

dysfunctional immune response to microbiota

epithelial defects

abnormal mucosal immune response

altered gut biome

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17
Q

what happens with liver cirrhosis

A

healthy tossue replaced by scar tissue partially blocks blood flow through liver

18
Q

how does cirrhosis affect livers ability

A

Control infection

Remove bacteria and toxins from blood

Process nutrients, hormones and drugs

Make proteins that regulate blood clotting

Produce bile

19
Q

what are the causes of liver cirrhosis

A

heavy alcohol consumption

chronic infection

obesity

diabetes and protein malnutrition

20
Q

what are symptoms of liver cirrhosis

A

fatigue

nausea

vomiting

itching

abdominal pain and bloating

21
Q

what is the most common cause of dementia in adults

A

alzehimers disease

22
Q

what are the two types of alzheimer’s disease

A

familal - early onset

sporadic - late onset

23
Q

what are the symtpoms of alzehimers

A

memory loss

loss of maths skills

loss of motor skills

24
Q

what is the treatment for alzehimers

A

no clear biomarkers or diagnostic tests until after death and no drugs or cure

25
Q

where can brain tumouts arise from

A

anywhere across the neuronal axis from spinal cord to cerebral hemisphere

26
Q

what are 80% of adult brain tumours

A

astrocytomas

(rest are glioblastoma)

27
Q

what are anstromas classified as

A

pilocytic, diffuse or anaplastic

28
Q

what are symptoms of brain tumouts

A

seizures

headaches

focal neurological deficit

29
Q

what is the WHO classification of brain tumouts

A

I - pilocytic astrocytoma

II - diffuse astrocytoma

III - anaplastic astrocytoma

IV - glioblastoma

30
Q

what are the clinical and genetic features of pilocytic astrocytoma

A

clinical - headache, nausea, systemic endocrine defects, visuion defects

genetic: mutations in NF1, KRAS, FGFR1

31
Q

what are the clinical and genetic features of diffuse astrocytoma

A

clinical: headache, nausea, vision defect, speech problems, seizures

genetics: mutations in IDH and TP53

32
Q

what are the clinical and genetic features of anaplastic astrocytoma

A

clinical: personality changes, weakness, seizures, headache

genetics: mutations in TP53, ATRX, IDH

33
Q

what are pilocytic names for

A

cells with hair like projections - common in kids

34
Q

what is diffuse split into

A

oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma

35
Q

what is anaplastic

A

primary malignant tumour that is diffusely infiltrating

36
Q

what are the features of a classic glioblastoma

A

mutations in PTEN tumour suppresor gene

deletions of chromosome 10

37
Q

what are the features of proneural glioblastoma

A

common with secondary glioblastoma

mutations of TP53 gene

point mutations of IDH1 and IDH2

38
Q

what are the features of neural glioblastoma

A

higher level expression of neuronal markers NEFL, GABRA1, SYT1

39
Q

what are the features of mesenchymal gliobastoma

A

deletions of NF1 gene on chromosome17

lower expression of NF1 protein

overexpression of genes involved in TNF pwathway and NFkB pathway

40
Q

what are the symptoms of gliobastoma

A

constant headaches

seizures

vision problems

41
Q

what is the treatment for glioblastoma

A

surgery

radiotherapy

chemotherapy

42
Q

what are the subtypes of glioblastoma

A

classic

proneural

neural

mesenchymal