Lecture 7: diseased tissues 1 Flashcards
what are the risk factors of emphysema
smoking
genetics
environmental pollution
what are the main features of emphysema
irreversible enlargement alveoli
destruction of alveolar walls
what is the pathogenesis of emphysema
inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes drive responses
immune cells release more proteases
infection increases inflammation
what are the clinical features of emphysema
asymptomatic until 30% of pulmonary parenchyma is destroyed
severe weight loss
impaired expiratory airflow
what is viral pneumonia classified as
swelling in the tissues in one or both lungs due to viral infection
what are the typical viruses that causes of viral pneumonia
influenza A and B
RSV
rhinovirus
what are the risk factors of viral pneumonia
age
malnutrition
alcoholism
what are symptoms of viral pneumonia
cough and fever
shaking
muscle pain
blueness of lips
what are the stages of diagnosis for pneumonia
xray of lungs
SPUTUM CULTURE to test lung secretions
NASAL SWAB for viral checks
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT to check for inflammatory cell changes
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) scan of chest
what is the treatment of pneumonia
rest
antibiotics
antivirals
fluid replacement
what is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to
inappropriate mucosal immune activation
what are the two main types of IBD
ulcerative colitis
crogns disease
what is ulcerative colitis
limited to colon and rectum and extends into mucosa and submucosa
what does crohns disease involve
involves any area of GI tract and is often transmural
what are the causes of IBD
genetics
dysfunctional immune responses
defects in intestinal epithelium
what is the pathogenesis of IBD
dysfunctional immune response to microbiota
epithelial defects
abnormal mucosal immune response
altered gut biome
what happens with liver cirrhosis
healthy tossue replaced by scar tissue partially blocks blood flow through liver
how does cirrhosis affect livers ability
Control infection
Remove bacteria and toxins from blood
Process nutrients, hormones and drugs
Make proteins that regulate blood clotting
Produce bile
what are the causes of liver cirrhosis
heavy alcohol consumption
chronic infection
obesity
diabetes and protein malnutrition
what are symptoms of liver cirrhosis
fatigue
nausea
vomiting
itching
abdominal pain and bloating
what is the most common cause of dementia in adults
alzehimers disease
what are the two types of alzheimer’s disease
familal - early onset
sporadic - late onset
what are the symtpoms of alzehimers
memory loss
loss of maths skills
loss of motor skills
what is the treatment for alzehimers
no clear biomarkers or diagnostic tests until after death and no drugs or cure
where can brain tumouts arise from
anywhere across the neuronal axis from spinal cord to cerebral hemisphere
what are 80% of adult brain tumours
astrocytomas
(rest are glioblastoma)
what are anstromas classified as
pilocytic, diffuse or anaplastic
what are symptoms of brain tumouts
seizures
headaches
focal neurological deficit
what is the WHO classification of brain tumouts
I - pilocytic astrocytoma
II - diffuse astrocytoma
III - anaplastic astrocytoma
IV - glioblastoma
what are the clinical and genetic features of pilocytic astrocytoma
clinical - headache, nausea, systemic endocrine defects, visuion defects
genetic: mutations in NF1, KRAS, FGFR1
what are the clinical and genetic features of diffuse astrocytoma
clinical: headache, nausea, vision defect, speech problems, seizures
genetics: mutations in IDH and TP53
what are the clinical and genetic features of anaplastic astrocytoma
clinical: personality changes, weakness, seizures, headache
genetics: mutations in TP53, ATRX, IDH
what are pilocytic names for
cells with hair like projections - common in kids
what is diffuse split into
oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma
what is anaplastic
primary malignant tumour that is diffusely infiltrating
what are the features of a classic glioblastoma
mutations in PTEN tumour suppresor gene
deletions of chromosome 10
what are the features of proneural glioblastoma
common with secondary glioblastoma
mutations of TP53 gene
point mutations of IDH1 and IDH2
what are the features of neural glioblastoma
higher level expression of neuronal markers NEFL, GABRA1, SYT1
what are the features of mesenchymal gliobastoma
deletions of NF1 gene on chromosome17
lower expression of NF1 protein
overexpression of genes involved in TNF pwathway and NFkB pathway
what are the symptoms of gliobastoma
constant headaches
seizures
vision problems
what is the treatment for glioblastoma
surgery
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
what are the subtypes of glioblastoma
classic
proneural
neural
mesenchymal
