Lecture 8: Diseased Tissues 2 Flashcards
what is sickle cell anaemia caused by
point mutation in beta globin gene driving polymerisation of deoxygenated haemoglobin
what kind of disease is sickle cell anaemia
hereditary
what does sickle cell anaemia drive
red blood cell sickling
haemolytic anaemia
ischaemic tissue damage
what are the risk factors of SCA
both parents carriers of faulty gene
what are the variables affecting sickling
interaction hbs with other types haemoglobin
mean cell haemoglobin concentration -> higher HBS correlates with worse disease
intracellular ph with decrease reducing oxygen affinity of haemoglobin
what is the pathogenesis of SCA
vascular occlusion due to sickling within icrovascular beds
drives chronic haemolysis, microvascular occlusions and tissue damage
what is atherosclerosis due to
plaque built in arteries
what are atherosclerosis-related diseases
heart attacke
stroke
chronic kidney disease
what are the risk factors of atherosclerosis
genetic
age
gender
hypertension
smoking, diabetes
what is myocardial infarction
death of cardiac muscle due to severe ischaemia
what are the risk factors of myocardial infarction
age
genetics
male gender
post meopausal decline in oestrogen production
what is the summary of the pathogenesis of a myocardial infarction
acute change in plaque in coronary artery
platelet adherence and activation (release of granule contents)
vasospasm (drievn by mediators from platelets)
thrombus bulks up (coagulation pathway activated)
myocardial infarction (vessel lumen blocked from expanded thrombus)
what are the results of a myocardial infarction
Aerobic metabolism stops with less ATP produced and toxic metabolites e.g. lactic acid build up
Myocardial contractility can stop as there are less oxygen and nutrients available
Severe ischaemia of greater than 20 minutes can cause necrosis
what are the symptoms of myocardial infarction
prolonged chest pain
profuse sweating
nausea and vomiting
shortness of breath
what is the lab testing of myocardial infarction
meqasruing protein levels in blood that have leaked irreversibly out of damaged myocytes