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cellular pathology year 2 > Lecture 8: Diseased Tissues 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Diseased Tissues 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia caused by

A

point mutation in beta globin gene driving polymerisation of deoxygenated haemoglobin

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2
Q

what kind of disease is sickle cell anaemia

A

hereditary

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3
Q

what does sickle cell anaemia drive

A

red blood cell sickling

haemolytic anaemia

ischaemic tissue damage

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4
Q

what are the risk factors of SCA

A

both parents carriers of faulty gene

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5
Q

what are the variables affecting sickling

A

interaction hbs with other types haemoglobin

mean cell haemoglobin concentration -> higher HBS correlates with worse disease

intracellular ph with decrease reducing oxygen affinity of haemoglobin

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6
Q

what is the pathogenesis of SCA

A

vascular occlusion due to sickling within icrovascular beds

drives chronic haemolysis, microvascular occlusions and tissue damage

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7
Q

what is atherosclerosis due to

A

plaque built in arteries

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8
Q

what are atherosclerosis-related diseases

A

heart attacke

stroke

chronic kidney disease

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9
Q

what are the risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

genetic

age

gender

hypertension

smoking, diabetes

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10
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

death of cardiac muscle due to severe ischaemia

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11
Q

what are the risk factors of myocardial infarction

A

age

genetics

male gender

post meopausal decline in oestrogen production

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12
Q

what is the summary of the pathogenesis of a myocardial infarction

A

acute change in plaque in coronary artery

platelet adherence and activation (release of granule contents)

vasospasm (drievn by mediators from platelets)

thrombus bulks up (coagulation pathway activated)

myocardial infarction (vessel lumen blocked from expanded thrombus)

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13
Q

what are the results of a myocardial infarction

A

Aerobic metabolism stops with less ATP produced and toxic metabolites e.g. lactic acid build up

Myocardial contractility can stop as there are less oxygen and nutrients available

Severe ischaemia of greater than 20 minutes can cause necrosis

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

prolonged chest pain

profuse sweating

nausea and vomiting

shortness of breath

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15
Q

what is the lab testing of myocardial infarction

A

meqasruing protein levels in blood that have leaked irreversibly out of damaged myocytes

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16
Q

what is reperfusion

A

Restoration of blood flow to the ischaemic myocardium

17
Q

what are methods of repurfusion

A

angioplasty, stent replacement, thrombolysis, coronary artery bypass surgery

18
Q

what is hashimoto thyroiditis

A

an autoimmune condition

thyroid enlarges

lymphoscytes infiltrate

19
Q

what is hashimoto the leading cause of

A

hypothyroidism

20
Q

what is the epidemiology of prostate cancer

A

mainly men

age 50-70

common in african male

21
Q

what is the aetoilogy of prostate cancer

A

androgen which controls growth and survival of prostate cells

AR gene has codon repeats of CAG

Polymorphism: genes with shortest repeats of CAG have highest sensitivity to androgens and higher chance of becoming cancerous

22
Q

what is the diagnosis of prostate cancer

A

Raised PROSTATIC SERUM ANTIGEN (PSA) of 4-10ng/ml

Level serum PSA correlated with size and volume prostate cancer and stage

PSA good for prognosis, disease monitoring and treatment

Tissue biopsy best standard

23
Q

what are the morphological changes of prostate cancer

A

Adenocarcinomas with well defined glandular structures

Glands small and lined with single layer cuboidal or columnar epithelium

Large nuclei with nucleoli

24
Q

what is caused by PCOS

A

enlarged and dysfunctional ovaries

insulin resistance

excessive sex androgen levels

elevated IL6 - inflammatory marker

25
Q

what are the risk factors of PCOS

A

epigenetic changes - modifcation to DNA, changes gene expression

environmental toxicants

diet - low vitamin D and high fat

26
Q

what is the major cause of PCOS

A

increased LH : FSH

increased levels of GnRH

27
Q

what are the symptoms PCOS

A

irregular or no periods

excessive hair growth

weight gain

infertility

28
Q

what is the clinical management of PCOS

A

birth control - periods

statins - for weight gain

acne treatment - oily skin

surgery - ovarian drilling

29
Q

which hormones control ovulation

A

LH and FSH

30
Q

why does FSH increase

A

to control follical maturation

31
Q

why does LH increase

A

to drive ovulation

32
Q

what reduces FSH levels

A

estradiol hormone

33
Q

what is estradiol related to the control of

A

ovulation by hormones called kisspeptides released by pituitary gland

34
Q
A

cellular pathology year 2 (12 decks)

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