Lecture 8: Diseased Tissues 2 Flashcards
what is sickle cell anaemia caused by
point mutation in beta globin gene driving polymerisation of deoxygenated haemoglobin
what kind of disease is sickle cell anaemia
hereditary
what does sickle cell anaemia drive
red blood cell sickling
haemolytic anaemia
ischaemic tissue damage
what are the risk factors of SCA
both parents carriers of faulty gene
what are the variables affecting sickling
interaction hbs with other types haemoglobin
mean cell haemoglobin concentration -> higher HBS correlates with worse disease
intracellular ph with decrease reducing oxygen affinity of haemoglobin
what is the pathogenesis of SCA
vascular occlusion due to sickling within icrovascular beds
drives chronic haemolysis, microvascular occlusions and tissue damage
what is atherosclerosis due to
plaque built in arteries
what are atherosclerosis-related diseases
heart attacke
stroke
chronic kidney disease
what are the risk factors of atherosclerosis
genetic
age
gender
hypertension
smoking, diabetes
what is myocardial infarction
death of cardiac muscle due to severe ischaemia
what are the risk factors of myocardial infarction
age
genetics
male gender
post meopausal decline in oestrogen production
what is the summary of the pathogenesis of a myocardial infarction
acute change in plaque in coronary artery
platelet adherence and activation (release of granule contents)
vasospasm (drievn by mediators from platelets)
thrombus bulks up (coagulation pathway activated)
myocardial infarction (vessel lumen blocked from expanded thrombus)
what are the results of a myocardial infarction
Aerobic metabolism stops with less ATP produced and toxic metabolites e.g. lactic acid build up
Myocardial contractility can stop as there are less oxygen and nutrients available
Severe ischaemia of greater than 20 minutes can cause necrosis
what are the symptoms of myocardial infarction
prolonged chest pain
profuse sweating
nausea and vomiting
shortness of breath
what is the lab testing of myocardial infarction
meqasruing protein levels in blood that have leaked irreversibly out of damaged myocytes
what is reperfusion
Restoration of blood flow to the ischaemic myocardium
what are methods of repurfusion
angioplasty, stent replacement, thrombolysis, coronary artery bypass surgery
what is hashimoto thyroiditis
an autoimmune condition
thyroid enlarges
lymphoscytes infiltrate
what is hashimoto the leading cause of
hypothyroidism
what is the epidemiology of prostate cancer
mainly men
age 50-70
common in african male
what is the aetoilogy of prostate cancer
androgen which controls growth and survival of prostate cells
AR gene has codon repeats of CAG
Polymorphism: genes with shortest repeats of CAG have highest sensitivity to androgens and higher chance of becoming cancerous
what is the diagnosis of prostate cancer
Raised PROSTATIC SERUM ANTIGEN (PSA) of 4-10ng/ml
Level serum PSA correlated with size and volume prostate cancer and stage
PSA good for prognosis, disease monitoring and treatment
Tissue biopsy best standard
what are the morphological changes of prostate cancer
Adenocarcinomas with well defined glandular structures
Glands small and lined with single layer cuboidal or columnar epithelium
Large nuclei with nucleoli
what is caused by PCOS
enlarged and dysfunctional ovaries
insulin resistance
excessive sex androgen levels
elevated IL6 - inflammatory marker
what are the risk factors of PCOS
epigenetic changes - modifcation to DNA, changes gene expression
environmental toxicants
diet - low vitamin D and high fat
what is the major cause of PCOS
increased LH : FSH
increased levels of GnRH
what are the symptoms PCOS
irregular or no periods
excessive hair growth
weight gain
infertility
what is the clinical management of PCOS
birth control - periods
statins - for weight gain
acne treatment - oily skin
surgery - ovarian drilling
which hormones control ovulation
LH and FSH
why does FSH increase
to control follical maturation
why does LH increase
to drive ovulation
what reduces FSH levels
estradiol hormone
what is estradiol related to the control of
ovulation by hormones called kisspeptides released by pituitary gland
