Lecture 10: Cancer Histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main cause and when does lung cancer develop

A

cigarette smoking

age 40-70

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2
Q

what is in the cigarette smoke that causes cancer

A

the benzopyrene and anthracenes in cigarette smoke as well as radioactive isotopes

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3
Q

what are the genetics of lung cancer

A

Stepwise accumulation of oncogenic DRIVER mutations resulting in neoplastic transformation of pulmonary epithelium

Examples include c-myc, K-RAS, EGFR, HER2

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4
Q

what is adenocarcinoma classified as

A

cancer that forms in the glandular tissues

involves components of growth factor receptor signalling pathways (EGFR, ALK, MET) - all code for proteins part of pathway

invasive and malignant epithelial tissue

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5
Q

what does oncogenic gain of function mutations mean

A
  • refers to changes in the genetic code of cancer cells
  • mutions cause gene to be oceractive or produce an abnormal protein
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6
Q

what are the various patterns of adenocarcinoma

A

acinar

lepidic

papillary

micropapillary

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7
Q

what does small cell carcinoma mean

A

frequent loss of function

genetic irregularities -> p53, RB

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8
Q

how do we see small cell carcinoma on the slides

A

small blue cells with scant cytoplasm

ill defined cell borders

finelelu granular nuclear chromatin

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9
Q

how do we classify large cell carcinoma

A

undifferentiated, malignant without cytological features of other lung cancers

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10
Q

what can be seen on a large cell carcinoma slide

A

large and vesicular nuclei

moderate amount of cytoplasm

well defined cell borders

necrosis/haemorrhage

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11
Q

what is the diagnosis of large cell carcinoma based on

A

marker exckusion as lacks markers of adenocarcionma

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12
Q

what are examples of bengign tomach muscle tumours

A

polyps (hyperplastic vs adenomatous)

leiomyomas (smooth muscle)

lipomas (adipose tissue)

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13
Q

what are examples of malignant stomach tumours

A

adenocarcinoma

lymphoma

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14
Q

what are features of gastric adenocarcinoma

A

bulky tumour

intestinal morphology

glandular structure

epithelial cells appear cylindrical

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15
Q

what is colorectal cancer

A

Adenomacarcinoma of colon
-> most common malignancy of GI tract

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16
Q

what are the risk factors of colorectal cancer

A

aging

family history

inflammatory bowel disease

17
Q

what is the clinical preentation of colorectal cancer

A

persistant chane in bowel habit

abdominal pain

bloating and discomfort from eating

eating less
weight loss

18
Q

what is the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

A

Various genetic and epigenetic mutations

Most common is the β-catenin/APC pathway

APC protein binds to and destroys β-catenin

19
Q

why is APC needed for colorectal cancer

A

B catenin can accumulate and translocate to the nucleus

it then forms a complex with DNA binding factor TCF

activates the transcription of genes controlling proliferation

20
Q

what is the cli nical investigation of colon cancer

A

faecal test assessing blood in stools

positive -> colonoscopy and tissue biopsy

21
Q

is cervical cancer common

A

yes, fourth most common cancer in women

22
Q

what are risk factors of cervical cancer

A

infection with HPV16, 18

23
Q

what can smoking do with cervical cancer

A

increase risk via immunosuppressive capabilities

24
Q

what is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia caused by

25
what is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
pre-cancerous state with abnormal cells growing on surface of cervix
26
what is the cytology in cervical cancer used for
used as a screen tool used for diagnosis in symptomatic patients specimen - urine, sputum, body cavity fluids, cellular material
27
what can prevent cervical cancer
cervical screening
28
what are the risk factors of breast cancer
age family history breast biopsies oestrogen exposure diet
29
what is the role of hormone epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancers
makes HER2 proteins which are receptors on breast cells help control growth/division/repair makes breast cells grow in uncontrolled manner
30
what is responsible for familial breast cancer
mutations in BRCA-1 and 2 they are tumour suppressor genes involved in DNA repair and apoptosis
31
what are the risk factors of sporadic breast cancer
hormone exposure gender menopause reproductive history breast feeding
32
what is breast cacner screening
use of a mammogram (x-ray) to detect cancer too small to see finds cancers early - 50-70 years of age
33