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cellular pathology year 2 > Lecture 10: Cancer Histopathology > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Cancer Histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main cause and when does lung cancer develop

A

cigarette smoking

age 40-70

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2
Q

what is in the cigarette smoke that causes cancer

A

the benzopyrene and anthracenes in cigarette smoke as well as radioactive isotopes

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3
Q

what are the genetics of lung cancer

A

Stepwise accumulation of oncogenic DRIVER mutations resulting in neoplastic transformation of pulmonary epithelium

Examples include c-myc, K-RAS, EGFR, HER2

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4
Q

what is adenocarcinoma classified as

A

cancer that forms in the glandular tissues

involves components of growth factor receptor signalling pathways (EGFR, ALK, MET) - all code for proteins part of pathway

invasive and malignant epithelial tissue

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5
Q

what does oncogenic gain of function mutations mean

A
  • refers to changes in the genetic code of cancer cells
  • mutions cause gene to be oceractive or produce an abnormal protein
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6
Q

what are the various patterns of adenocarcinoma

A

acinar

lepidic

papillary

micropapillary

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7
Q

what does small cell carcinoma mean

A

frequent loss of function

genetic irregularities -> p53, RB

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8
Q

how do we see small cell carcinoma on the slides

A

small blue cells with scant cytoplasm

ill defined cell borders

finelelu granular nuclear chromatin

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9
Q

how do we classify large cell carcinoma

A

undifferentiated, malignant without cytological features of other lung cancers

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10
Q

what can be seen on a large cell carcinoma slide

A

large and vesicular nuclei

moderate amount of cytoplasm

well defined cell borders

necrosis/haemorrhage

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11
Q

what is the diagnosis of large cell carcinoma based on

A

marker exckusion as lacks markers of adenocarcionma

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12
Q

what are examples of bengign tomach muscle tumours

A

polyps (hyperplastic vs adenomatous)

leiomyomas (smooth muscle)

lipomas (adipose tissue)

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13
Q

what are examples of malignant stomach tumours

A

adenocarcinoma

lymphoma

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14
Q

what are features of gastric adenocarcinoma

A

bulky tumour

intestinal morphology

glandular structure

epithelial cells appear cylindrical

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15
Q

what is colorectal cancer

A

Adenomacarcinoma of colon
-> most common malignancy of GI tract

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16
Q

what are the risk factors of colorectal cancer

A

aging

family history

inflammatory bowel disease

17
Q

what is the clinical preentation of colorectal cancer

A

persistant chane in bowel habit

abdominal pain

bloating and discomfort from eating

eating less
weight loss

18
Q

what is the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

A

Various genetic and epigenetic mutations

Most common is the β-catenin/APC pathway

APC protein binds to and destroys β-catenin

19
Q

why is APC needed for colorectal cancer

A

B catenin can accumulate and translocate to the nucleus

it then forms a complex with DNA binding factor TCF

activates the transcription of genes controlling proliferation

20
Q

what is the cli nical investigation of colon cancer

A

faecal test assessing blood in stools

positive -> colonoscopy and tissue biopsy

21
Q

is cervical cancer common

A

yes, fourth most common cancer in women

22
Q

what are risk factors of cervical cancer

A

infection with HPV16, 18

23
Q

what can smoking do with cervical cancer

A

increase risk via immunosuppressive capabilities

24
Q

what is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia caused by

A

HPV virus

25
Q

what is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A

pre-cancerous state with abnormal cells growing on surface of cervix

26
Q

what is the cytology in cervical cancer used for

A

used as a screen tool

used for diagnosis in symptomatic patients

specimen - urine, sputum, body cavity fluids, cellular material

27
Q

what can prevent cervical cancer

A

cervical screening

28
Q

what are the risk factors of breast cancer

A

age

family history

breast biopsies

oestrogen exposure

diet

29
Q

what is the role of hormone epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancers

A

makes HER2 proteins which are receptors on breast cells

help control growth/division/repair

makes breast cells grow in uncontrolled manner

30
Q

what is responsible for familial breast cancer

A

mutations in BRCA-1 and 2

they are tumour suppressor genes involved in DNA repair and apoptosis

31
Q

what are the risk factors of sporadic breast cancer

A

hormone exposure

gender

menopause

reproductive history

breast feeding

32
Q

what is breast cacner screening

A

use of a mammogram (x-ray) to detect cancer too small to see

finds cancers early - 50-70 years of age

33
Q
A

cellular pathology year 2 (12 decks)

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