Lecture #9- Goals Flashcards
What is a goal? What are 4 important parts of a goal?
A goal is defined as a cognitive representation of a future outcome that an individual is committed to approach or avoid.
- Cognitive representation
- Future-focused
- Committed
- Approach or avoidance based or both
The average person has BLANK goals going on at one time.
Where do they come from?
4pts
- 15
- Needs, demands, culture
What are long term goals vs short term goals called? What are goal means?
3pts
- Higher order goals: long term (few of these at a time)
- Goals: short term goals that serve as stepping stones for higher order goals
- Goal means: specific actions that must be performed to achieve goals
People are more likely to pursue a goal when their expectancy of success is high and the value they place on that goal is high.
What theory is this?
If the benefits of the goal…
3pts
- Expectancy-value theory
- Behavior = expectancy x value (If both are 0, it doesn’t happen)
- Value: if the benefits of the goal outweigh the costs of pursuing it, the value is high
The level of knowledge and skill required to achieve a goal.
The difficulty level that people set for themselves on a particular task.
We tend to set a goal that is just a bit higher than our previous performance.
Which of these 3 concepts correspond to the following:
- Difficulty
- Paradox of level of aspiration
- Level of aspiration
- Difficulty
- Level of aspiration
- Paradox of level of aspiration
BLANK goals increase motivation and performance. BLANK goals decrease both.
Difficult/specific vs easy/vague
- Difficult/specific
- Easy/vague
BLANK goals are more motivating than BLANK ones.
- Proximal (closer)
- Distal (farther)
BLANK is generally perceived as a system sensitive to positive stimuli. Regulates our sensitivity to rewards.
BLANK is generally sensitive to negative stimuli, and regulates our sensitivity to punishment.
What type of system are these? What is the corresponding lobe?
Approach or avoidance goals?
6pts
- Behavioral Activation System (BAS) - left frontal lobe
–> Approach goals - Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) - right frontal lobe
–> Avoidance goals
What 3 factors increase goal commitment?
3pts
- Equifinality
- Expectancy
- Value
What 3 mental strategies increase goal commitment?
- Indulging
- Dwelling
- Mental contrasting
What are 3 factors that INFLUENCE goal commitment?
What levels (high/low) of each would represent high goal commitment?
3pts
- Goal satisfaction (high)
- Goal investment (high)
- Goal alternatives (low)
Some goals can be achieved in multiple ways. These are high in “BLANK” and are more flexible, especially in the face of setbacks.
Some means serve multiple goals. These means are high in “BLANK” and will be prioritized over means that are low in “BLANK”
- equifinality
- multifinality
What are are the 4 types of goal conflict? Which is the most common?
4pts
- Approach- approach: Two equally attractive goals, making it hard to choose
- Avoidance- avoidance: Two equally unattractive goals
- Approach- avoidance: A single goal that has attractive and unattractive features (most common conflict)
- Double approach- avoidance: Choosing between two goals that each have unattractive/bad and attractive/good aspects
Process simulations vs. outcome simulations?
- BLANK simulations are much more helpful
- Physical BLANK also reduce the intention-behaviour gap
- BLANK the BLANK focuses attention on how to achieve a goal and how to anticipate potential obstacles
- Process
- reminders
- visualizing, process
What do implementation intentions specify?
Specify exactly when, where and how the individual will achieve their goal.
