Lecture 1 Flashcards
A neurosurgical procedure that severs connections to/in the prefrontal cortex.
The procedure was popular during the 1940s and 1950s for severe psychiatric disorders. It made patients docile and often (apparently) happier.
What procedure is this?
Lobotomies
What is the definition of motivation?
What does the Latin word motus mean?
The Latin word motus means move and was first used by Cicero who referred to the stirring or motion of the soul as motus animi
BLANK first used the word “motivation” in 1813 to describe the underlying processes that provide BLANK and BLANK for BLANK.
Fill in the blank
Schopenhauer, energy, direction, behaviour
Defining motivation: Explain the components of energy within motivation?
3 points
- Initiation is the starting of a behaviour
- Intensity of the amount of ressources expended to carry out the behaviour
- Persistence is the continuing of expenditure until the behaviour is completed
Defining motivation: Explain the components of direction within motivation?
Direction refers to the way a behaviour satisfies a particular goal
What is the 3 step process to achieve a goal?
3 points
- Choose your goal (not always a conscious process)
- Decide how you are going to achieve it
- Put your plan into action
Is a relatively new field of study in motivation that aims to make tedious tasks fun by making a game of it
Gamification
BLANK [551-479 BC] the founder of the philosophy known as BLANK , was a Chinese sage and teacher who spent his life concerned with practical moral values.
BLANK is an ethic that governs human relationships. An honorable person attains relational identity and becomes a relational self, one that is intensely aware of the presence of other human beings
Confucius, Confucianism
It does not matter how slowly you go, so long as you do not stop.
When it is obvious that the goals cannot be reached, don’t adjust the goals, adjust the action steps.
idea
What concept is this?
Confucius on motivation
What is hedonism?
1pt
The idea that humans are motivated to pursue pleasure and avoid pain
Current use of hedonism means seeking physical pleasures and has negative connotations but the Greeks viewed it differently.
Pleasures of the soul could come from three sources :
Who is this according to and what are the 3 sources? Give examples of these 3 sources
- According to Plato, in his work Republic
- Rational: Nothing quiet like a good book
- Spirited: This is outrageous. I want to speak to the manager
- Appetitive: Hey, lets get wasted
Argued that physical desires were not necessarily bad, and intellectual ones weren’t necessarily good.
Pursuits have costs. A drinking binge is fun but costs money and gives you a hangover.
Overindulging in anything detracts from the pleasure of the experience.
Who says this? Define the golden mean?
- Aristotle
- The golden mean is the idea that everything is best in moderation, over-indulging/any extreme is bad.
Attaining positive emotions and the absence of negative emotions. The focus is on the outcome.
What concept is this?
Hedonic happiness
Living a life that has meaning and allows you to strive for excellence. The goal is not to feel good but to be the best version of yourself that you can. Focus is on the content of your life and the process of living a meaningful life.
What concept is this? Narrow down the definition in your own words.
Eudaimonic (ancient Greek for “happiness”) happiness
- focus is more on the journey and process of life and finding meaning in that
What are the stoic’s 4 fundamental emotions?
4 pts
- Desire (epithumia)
- Fear (phobos)
- Pleasure (hedone)
- Pain (lupe)
What does stoic mean?
What’s a misconception about it?
3 pts
- remaining rational and not being entirely guided by our emotions.
They did not believe that all emotions were bad, rather that you should not let your emotions control you and should avoid intense ones
Held that humans were inherently sinful and enjoyed being wicked, and needed the grace of Christ to save them.
Who stated this? What did they propose about emotions being good or bad?
- St. Augustine
- Proposed that an emotion in itself was not good or bad, but rather it depended on the object it was fixed on
Argued that emotions (or passions) are a psychophysiological state. The body as well as the mind are affected by them at the same time.
E.g. “Anger is felt in the body as an inflammation of blood around the heart, and felt in the mind as a desire for revenge.
Who argued this? What were the 2 kinds of emotions in their opinion? give examples
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- Concupiscible passions: reflect basic desires to pursue good things and avoid bad things
Ex- love and hate, desire and aversion, and joy and sorrow
- Irascible passion: occurs whenever an obstacle blocks one of the concupiscible
Ex- hope and despair, confidence and fear, and anger
The mind is a nonphysical entity that is uniquely different from the body.
What Descartes concept is this?
Mind-body dualism
Only human behavior was driven by a sense of purpose.
What Descartes concept is this?
Rational soul
BLANK argued that the mind and body influence each other, and at times, the rational mind was not always in control.
Who said this?
What was this foundation for?
- Descartes
- Foundation for instinct
Abandoned BLANK “BLANK” portion of dualism
BLANK: suggests that all human behavior consists of blind, BLANK reactions to environmental stimuli. BLANK and free will are BLANK we use to feel good about ourselves.
BLANK: Life tries to seek out pleasure and avoid BLANK. Man is not “good” or “evil” or “noble” or “drawn to sin” we’re just survival machines.
Whose central ideas are these?
Fill in the blanks
Thomas Hobbes
- Descartes
- Mind
- Materialism
- Automatic
-Rationalism - illusions
- Hedonistic
- Pain
What did John Locke believe? Was his approach more hedonistic?
2 pts
Argued that the mind was a blank slate (tabula rasa) and that behaviour was solely motivated by our environment (nurture)
- Hedonistic approach
Experience is the only way to gain knowledge; his ideas formed the basis for the scientific method
Who argued this and what concept is this?
- John Locke
- Empiricism
What does stoic separate?
emotion from reason
Motivation includes BLANK component and also BLANK, without which there is no BLANK.
The rational mind is “the slave of the BLANK.”
BLANK play an important role in the formation and experience of BLANK.
BLANK’s passions:
Direct: Direct passions arise BLANK from feelings of pleasure and pain. (desire, grief, joy, aversion, hope, fear, despair, security)
Indirect: Indirect passions are experienced through pleasure and pain, but with the addition of BLANK associated with the object producing the pleasure or pain. (pride, humility, passion, love, ambition, vanity, hatred, envy, pity, malice, generosity
Whose ideas/passions were these?
Fill in the blanks.
David Hume
- belief, desire, motivation
- passions
-beliefs, emotions
- immediately, beliefs
In the age of enlightenment what 4 things were they more interested in?
4pts
Willpower, free will, morality, redefining hedonism
Utilitarianism asserts that the utility of a particular course of action is determined by how much it maximizes happiness and reduces suffering.
Created a mathematical algorithm to compute the utility of a particular course of action: Felicific calculus
What concept is this? Who created it?
2pts
- Bentham’s Utilitarianism
- Jeremy Bentham
Philosophy of motivation:
- Reason is golden
- His beliefs were reminiscent of the Stoics
- Minimize impact of emotions
Whose philosophy is this? What did they believe about affect vs passion?
- Immanuel Kant
Affect vs. passion: He distinguished between affect and passion; affect is quick to build, and passion is slow
What did Arthur Schopenhauer argue?
4pts
- First to use the word “motivation” as the term for what drives us
- Humans are selfish beings and never satisfied
- We act in accordance with our “inborn and immutable behaviour”
- Will–> intangible, irrational urge that propels our action to selfish endeavors
