Lecture #5 Flashcards
What does the term “emotion” refer to?
2pts
The term emotion refers to a conscious evaluative reaction to an event.
- Emotions are strong, singular feelings
What is the difference between emotion and mood?
2pts
Mood–> generalized affective state
Emotion –> toward a particular goal
What is the difference between affect and emotion in terms of speed?
2pts
Affect –> quick
Emotion –> slow
What is the common sense theory?
Give an example.
3pts
- Thoughts cause emotions
- Emotions cause behavior
Stimulus: See bear –> Emotion: Feel fear –> Behavior: Run away
His ideas spurred theorists to adopt a perspective that emotions are caused by changes in physiological processes in the body or brain.
Whose idea was this?
Darwin
Emotions are a direct result of physiological changes that occur automatically in response to a stimulus.
Emotions are the mind’s interpretation of the body’s response.
What theory is this and give an example.
2pts
James-Lange Theory
- Perception > Bodily changes > Emotion > Behavior
Bear > Hear rate increases, stomach clenches > fear > running away
James-Lange believed that different emotions are causes by different physiological responses in the body’s viscera.
What are the 4 emotions and where are they felt?
Sadness or grief: Felt in the heart
Fear: Felt in the stomach
Anger: Felt in the muscles, and increased temperature in the head
Embarrassment: Felt in the face
What was Cannon’s Emergency Theory of Emotions?
What did he believe about the thalamus?
5pts
- Believed that emotion is associated with the activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System
- Sensory information is sent to the thalamus
- Thalamus communicates with the cortex, which is usually holding the emotions in check
- If the cortex receives the appropriate information (bear!), then it releases the thalamus to trigger an emotion
- He believed that the thalamus was an important structure for emotion
- When energy is being used.
- Adrenaline, heart rate, blood flow, blood sugar levels all increase. Fight or flight.
What part of the Autonomic nervous system is this?
Sympathetic Nervous System
- When body is storing energy for future use.
- Heartrate lower, blood vessels dilate, salivary glands and intestines active.
What part of the Autonomic nervous system is this?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Assert that emotions are caused by people’s thoughts and appraisals.
What type of theorist believed this?
Cognitive theorist
- Stimulus causes generalized physiological arousal.
- The brain searches for a reason for the arousal.
- The brain creates a cognitive label.
- Once the arousal is labeled, a specific emotion is experienced.
- Physiological change and cognitive labelling are required for the full experience of an emotion
What theory is this?
Give an example.
Schachter-Singer cognitive labeling theory
For example, if you’re in a dark alley and hear a loud noise, your heart might start racing and you might feel scared. But if you were at a concert and heard the same loud noise, you might feel excited instead. This is because the same physical sensation (increased heart rate) can be interpreted differently depending on the situation and the label your brain gives it.
What is the Lazarus’ Appraisal Theory?
Define the primary and secondary appraisal?
5pts
- Our emotions aren’t just about physical sensations; they’re also influenced by our thoughts and beliefs, and how we perceive the situation
- The primary appraisal is whether a stimulus is good, bad or irrelevant to our well-being
–> positive- happiness, joy
–> negative- fear and anger - The second is whether we have the ability to cope with the consequences of the event
–> can cope: decreased arousal and intensity of the emotion
–> can’t cope: maintain the same level or increase in the arousal and intensity of the emotion/emotion continues
The tendency for people to automatically prefer things that they have been exposed to before, even when this prior exposure occurs unconsciously.
What effect/concept is this and who created it?
Zajonc: The mere-exposure effect
the expressive movements of organisms.
What type of study is this?
Ethology
- Detects conflict between responses
- Is particularly likely to be activated when the individual is failing to achieve a desired outcome and the resulting negative emotions must be controlled.
- Is thought to integrate cognitive and emotional information in order to direct attention where it is most needed.
What structure of the brain is associated with this?
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
- Directs attention toward emotionally salient stimuli, especially if the stimuli are new, surprising, or uncertain.
- Temporal lobe within the limbic system
- Emotional computer
- Damage to it:
–> Primates are unable to determine the appropriate motivational response to a stimulus.
–> Humans often become violent or depressed
What structure of the brain is associated with this?
The Amygdala
- Believe there are an almost infinite number of emotions.
- Estimate the number of emotions between 3 and 10.
Biological theorist or cognitive theorist? Which is which?
Cognitive theorist believe there are almost infinite number of emotions.
Biological theorist estimate the number of emotions between 3 and 10.
What are 6 core emotions said by fore tribesman in Papua New Guinea?
Anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise
Are brief, involuntary facial expressions that are difficult to conceal.
What is the term for this?
Micro expressions
What are the 8 core emotions according to Plutchik’s research on core emotions?
4pts
- anger vs fear
- anticipation vs surprise
- joy vs sadness
- trust vs disgust
What are the 4 functions/purposes of emotions?
4pt
- Feedback
- Belonging
- Thinking
- Behavior
What is affective forecasting?
2pts
- Anticipation of emotions
- Predicting feelings in the future
Occurs when we imagine how an event will make us feel, and we focus too much on the single event.
What concept is this?
Focalism
The subjective stop rule:
Work at a task until you stop enjoying it
Positive emotions = keep going
In essence, your emotions guide your decision
The objective stop rule:
Work at a task until you are finished
Positive emotions = you can stop now
In essence, the task itself guides your decision
What theory is this?
Give examples of each rule.
Mood-as-input Theory
Subjective stop rule examples:
We might stay up late finishing a fun project we enjoy, even if we’re tired.
You’re baking a cake and enjoying the process. You might continue baking even if it takes longer than expected because you’re having fun.
The objective stop rule examples:
We might stop playing a game once we’ve beaten the final boss, even though we’re still having fun.
You have a report due tomorrow. You might stay up late to finish it, even if you’re tired, because the deadline is the priority.
