Lecture 6-10 recap from quizzes

Question 1

For a long period of recorded history, some cultures attributed emotions and personality to the balance of four “humours” (fluids) in the body. Which humour was associated to an introverted, creative personality?

a. Black Bile
b. Blood
c. Yellow Bile
d. Phlegm

Answer 1

a. Black Bile

Question 2

Kuhl’s action control theory describes two kinds of people: action-oriented people and state-oriented people. Which of these is a trait of state-oriented people?

a. They are more likely to participate in behavioural disengagement

b. They are less likely to process goal-irrelevant information compared to action-oriented people

c. They are unable to properly regulate themselves

d. They are better able to regulate thoughts compared to action-oriented people

Answer 2

c. They are unable to properly regulate themselves

Question 3

Critics of the concept of ‘Grit’ often point out that it is similar to which other well-studied personality trait?

a. Conscientiousness
b. Locomotion
c. Self-Esteem
d. Granularity

Answer 3

a. Conscientiousness

Question 4

If you’re going to be a pessimist, the best kind of pessimist to be is a:

a. Defensive pessimist
b. Stressed pessimist
c. Trained pessimist
d. Realist

Answer 4

a. Defensive pessimist

Question 5

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?

a. In order to have an effect, a stimulus must have an emotional component

b. In order for an effect to be linked to the situation that caused it, appropriate cognitive links must be made

c. Situations which cause negative emotions will be avoided in the future

d. An organism’s response can be affected by a desirable outcome, creating a stimulus-response bond

Answer 5

d. An organism’s response can be affected by a desirable outcome, creating a stimulus-response bond

Question 6

Which of these is an example of operant conditioning?

a. When Iulia hears the jingle of the ice cream truck music outside she suddenly craves overpriced ice cream on a stick

b. Katherine doesn’t like lemon candy because the smell reminds her of lemon-scented cleaning products.

c. Kemesha’s dog jumps up and down in excitement whenever Kemesha comes home, because he’s so happy to see her.

d. Lana always returns her library books on time ever since she got a big late fee last year

Answer 6

d. Lana always returns her library books on time ever since she got a big late fee last year

Question 7

No matter how hard Michael works at his job painting fences, he isn’t eligible to earn a bonus because he’s a part-time worker and is paid by the hour. Michael’s pay is a reinforcer given on what kind of schedule?

a. fixed interval
b. variable ratio
c. variable interval
d. continuous
e. fixed ratio

Answer 7

a. fixed interval

Question 8

According to Hull’s Drive Theory, “drive” is an energy that fuels learning. What causes “drive”?

a. Unmet biological needs
b. An “inner grit”
c. Interactions between the person and their environment
d. Goal focus

Answer 8

a. Unmet biological needs

Question 9

What’s the best way to prevent social loafing when you’re working on a project with someone?

a. Ask them nicely

b. Work hard so when you engage their mirroring instinct, they will work hard too

c. Make sure that individual contributions are clearly labelled

d. Threaten to hit them with a stick if they don’t help

Answer 9

c. Make sure that individual contributions are clearly labelled

Question 10

In the United States, what percentage of the population was obese as of 2010?

a. 53%
b. 42%
c. 33%
d. 24%

Answer 10

b. 42%

Question 11

When we eat for pleasure instead of eating to sate hunger, what is that called?

a. Homeostatic hunger
b. Egotistical hunger
c. Hedonic Hunger
d. Eudaimonic hunger

Answer 11

c. Hedonic Hunger

Question 12

Which of these is a good strategy for helping someone increase self control and limiting their alcohol consumption?

a. Check in with friends at the end of the night to decide if anyone is sober enough to drive.

b. Avoid drinking games entirely.

c. Never follow beer with liquor.

d. Pay attention to how they’re feeling ‘in the moment’ to decide on how many more drinks they can have.

Answer 12

b. Avoid drinking games entirely.

Question 13

One known effect of drinking alcohol is that it makes potential sexual partners more appealing to people who are under the influence of alcohol. The colloquial term for this effect is:

a. Beer goggles

b. Anxiety Suppression

c. Love at First Sight

d. Misattribution of Arousal

e. Alcohol Myopia

Answer 13

a. Beer goggles

Question 14

Which personality trait is linked to lower self-reports of happiness and life satisfaction?

a. Conscientiousness
b. Neuroticism
c. Extraversion
d. Agreeableness
e. Openness to new experiences

Answer 14

b. Neuroticism

Question 15

What’s the “hedonic treadmill”?

a. The notion that the happier we are, the more gullible we are

b. The idea that our life must have meaning for us to be happy

c. The idea that we get used to how happy we are and seek more sources of happiness

d. It’s a really fun treadmill with music and disco lights

Answer 15

c. The idea that we get used to how happy we are and seek more sources of happiness

Question 16

Which of these is NOT an established way to increase self-reported happiness and to cultivate positive emotions?

a. Surrounding yourself with positive people

b. Practising gratitude

c. Being mindful of the present, especially when it’s positive

d. Living a life that has meaning to you

e. Exploring emotions surrounding negative experiences with a loved one

Answer 16

e. Exploring emotions surrounding negative experiences with a loved one

Question 17

Goals can be self-set or they can be assigned. What is the name for the phenomenon that occurs when an assigned goal turns into a self-set one because the person has taken on that goal as a personal challenge?

a. Personalization

b. Goal adoption

c. Inner justification

d. Internalization

Answer 17

d. Internalization

Question 18

Goal Systems Theory states that some goals can have many means, and some means can serve many goals. Which statement is true?

a. Means that are high in multifinality will be prioritized over others that are low in multifinality

b. Goals that are low in equifinality are very flexible in the face of setbacks.

c. Goals with many means have a high multifinality.

d. Means that serve many goals have a high equifinality.

Answer 18

a. Means that are high in multifinality will be prioritized over others that are low in multifinality

Question 19

The level of aspiration refers to the difficulty level that people set for themselves on a particular task. What paradox is associated with this concept?

a. The way that we sometimes underperform on purpose to avoid trying “for real” and consequently risk genuine failure

b. The way that we tend to set a goal that’s higher than what we know we can achieve

c. The way that we set goals based on what will impress people with no regard for our own capabilities

d. The way that we preserve our self-concept by avoiding goals that challenge it

Answer 19

b. The way that we tend to set a goal that’s higher than what we know we can achieve

Question 20

In terms of factors that affect goal commitment, which is NOT true?

a. High value leads to higher commitment

b. Higher levels of difficulty lead to lower levels of commitment

c. High levels of equifinality lead to higher commitment

d. High expectancy leads to higher commitment

Answer 20

b. Higher levels of difficulty lead to lower levels of commitment

Question 21

Which of these is the best predictor of future behaviour?

a. A goal plan
b. Your astrological sign
c. Past behaviour
d. Implementation intentions

Answer 21

c. Past behaviour

Question 22

When it comes to visualization and goal achievement, most of the advice you’ll find in pop-psychology and self-help books describes what kind of visualization?

a. Emotional simulations

b. Outcome simulations

c. Mental simulations

d. Process simulations

Answer 22

b. Outcome simulations

Question 23

Which of these is NOT one of the documented benefits of having those specific details (when, where, and how you will work towards your goal) planned out?

a. These detailed plans help to override old, unwanted habits

b. These detailed plans help with goal initiation

c. These detailed plans increase goal persistence

d. These detailed plans help encourage others to socially facilitate our goals

Answer 23

d. These detailed plans help encourage others to socially facilitate our goals

Question 24

Which of these is an example of the planning fallacy?

a. Jared makes a study plan and sticks to it, finishing early with plenty of time for review.

b. Shanty doesn’t make a plan for studying, figuring she’ll just wing it.

c. Kevin figures that he can study for this exam in one afternoon even though his classmates think that’s not enough time.

d. Jade makes a plan, and then is so glad that she has a plan she gets herself a present.

Answer 24

c. Kevin figures that he can study for this exam in one afternoon even though his classmates think that’s not enough time.

Question 25

When we encounter an unexpected outcome, we often engage in counterfactual thinking. Amelia has just won a lottery prize of $150,000 and, quite naturally, takes a moment to remember how close she came to picking her pet rabbit’s birthday as her numbers instead of her pet turtle, and how that choice could have cost her a ton of money. What kind of counterfactual thinking is that an example of?

a. Near-miss counterfactual thinking

b. Alternative-route counterfactual thinking

c. Upward counterfactual thinking

d. Downward counterfactual thinking

Answer 25

d. Downward counterfactual thinking

Question 26

Kelsey ignores the directions in the manual because she believes that she already knows how to install RAM without frying the motherboard. She then fries the motherboard.

What mistake did she make?

a. Counterfactual Thinking

b. Perceived Expertise

c. Functional Hubris

d. Planning Fallacy

Answer 26

b. Perceived Expertise