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PSY3109- Social Motivation > Lecture #4 > Flashcards

Lecture #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the arousal theory?

Give examples

4pts

A
  • The original arousal theory of motivation argues that we can best understand behaviour by observing how the organism becomes activated.
  • Coma, sleep, awake, alert, stressed
  • It assumes that behaviour changes when an organisms activation level changes
  • Awake + danger
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2
Q

What is Hebb’s Theory?

Hint: AAS, sensory information, where does sensory info go?

3pts

A
  • Motivation is the activation of the cortex by the AAS
  • Sensory info serves two purposes: the cue function (provides information) and the arousal function (increases activation)

-Sensory info goes to the thalamus which sends input to the AAS and the cortex

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3
Q

Increased activation in the AAS helps BLANK BLANK the cortex to allow it to function better

If your AAS isn’t A-ing then you won’t get BLANK which leads to BLANK

A
  • Wake up
  • Motivated
  • Sleepiness
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4
Q

What was the conclusion of Moruzzi and Magoun regarding maintain wake?

1pt

A

Ascending Activating System (older texts refer to it as the Ascending Activating Reticular system) stimulates the cortex to maintain wake

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5
Q

The cortex also sends feedback to the AAS. It can activate the AAS and keep activation levels high even if there are no environmental cues to do it.

Example: when you’re laying in bed and anxious, and you can’t sleep because of racing thoughts

What is this an example of ?

A

Cortex Activation

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6
Q

What are the two drives Process S and Process C in which work together to control our sleep (and motivation)?

Give example(s) for process S.

3pts

A

Process S- this is an urge to sleep that grows while we are awake. Its a measure of how much energy our body has used up.

Ex- urge to sleep as we exercise, fight illness, think hard

Process C- this is our circadian rhythm. Activating system that helps us stay awake during the day and to sleep at night

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7
Q

BLANK –> in the anterior hypothalamus

  • Lesion produce insomnia or sleep fragmentation

Contains BLANK neurotransmitters (e.g. GABA) projecting back to the BLANK

VLPO projections to the dorsal pathway (e.g. pontine tegmentum): REM sleep control
VLPO projections to the ventral pathway (e.g. locus coeruleus): NREM sleep control

Fill in the blanks.

A

-Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)

  • inhibitory
  • Ascending Activating System (AAS)
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8
Q

What neurotransmitter is important in initiating sleep/sleep onset?

a) GABA
b) Adenosine
c) Serotonin
d) Orexin (aka hypocretin)

A

c) Serotonin

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9
Q

BLANK levels in the brain may be the cumulative meter of body/brain activity during waking

a) GABA
b) Adenosine
c) Seratonin
d) Orexin (aka hypocretin)

A

b) Adenosine

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10
Q

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness?

a) GABA
b) Adenosine
c) Serotonin
d) Orexin (aka hypocretin)

A

d) Orexin (aka hypocretin)

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11
Q

What is the Inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely used in the brain during NREMS to dampen neural activity (synchronization) and inhibit arousal.

Its the “off” force in the on/off switches.

a) GABA
b) Adenosine
c) Serotonin
d) Orexin (aka hypocretin)

A

a) GABA

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12
Q

During wakefulness, what are the two AAS pathways firing at full speed ?

2pts

A
  • Cortical arousal through monoamines (monoaminergic pathway)
  • Sensory and motor transmission through ACh (cholinergic pathway)
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12
Q

Summarized difference between wake and sleep?

What neurotransmitters/activity are they both driven by?

Where does it originate from and goes to?

3pts each

A
  1. Wake is actively maintained by 2 AAS pathways which are:
    –> Mostly driven by excitatory cholinergic and noradrenergic activity
    –> Originates from the brainstem and goes all the way up to the forebrain and the cortex
  2. Sleep results from inhibitory input to the AAS:
    –> Mostly driven by inhibitory GABA activity
    –> Originates from the VLPO (in the hypothalamus) and goes to the brainstem
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13
Q

When people tend to overemphasize the importance of personal traits (like personality) in explaining someone’s behavior, while ignoring the influence of external factors (like the situation).

This causes people to neglect the power of the situation in influencing motivation.

What concept is this?

a) Cocktail Party phenomenon
b) Embodied cognition
c) The fundamental Attribution error

A

c) The fundamental attribution error

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13
Q

Our unconscious mind is filtering stimuli to let us focus on what’s relevant. If something pops up that we should listen to, it will draw our attention.

What concept is this?

a) Cocktail Party phenomenon
b) embodied cognition
c) The fundamental Attribution error

A

a) Cocktail party phenomenon

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14
Q

Injury to the cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways can lead to what?

a) Insomnia
b) Coma

A

b) coma

15
Q

Injury to the hypothalamus, in the VLPO, can lead to long lasting?

a) Insomnia
b) Coma

A

a) Insomnia

16
Q

In the dual-process mind, which of the 2 following explanations is either the Automatic Mental system or the Controlled Mental System?

  1. Which system?
    - Conscious awareness is a small but important part of our everyday behaviors
  2. Which system?
    - Outside of conscious awareness (walking, navigating familiar paths, procedural memory)
    - Interprets information (relevant vs irrelevant)
    Highly beneficial (efficiency!)
A
  1. Controlled Mental System
  2. Automatic Mental System
17
Q

In the dual-process mind, what differs between the automatic mental system and the controlled mental system?

A

The controlled system is limited, but the automatic system can handle multiple tasks at once

18
Q

The passive activation of mental representations by stimuli in the environment is
called what?

a) The connectionist model
b) Parallel processing
c) Introspection
d) Priming

A

d) Priming

19
Q

What are these 2 steps necessary for:

  • The goal is activated outside the individual’s awareness
  • The unconscious goal must be managed in a way that ensures goal attainment
A

Automatic motivation

20
Q

BLANK priming means that the prime (environmental stimulus) occurs outside conscious awareness.

a) Subliminal
b) Supraliminal

Give an example.

A

a) Subliminal

Color- red = sex, sexy, and mate priming

21
Q

Many times, we are aware of a stimulus (like a picture), but do not realize how the picture influences our behavior.

What type of priming is this?

a) Subliminal
b) Supraliminal

A

b) Supraliminal

22
Q

What model
states that related concepts are grouped together in our memories.

a) Parallel processing
b) The connectionist model
c) Introspection
d) Priming

A

b) The connectionist model

23
Q

Overly positive self-perceptions automatically spill over, causing us to naturally gravitate toward people, places, and things that resemble us in some way.

What concept is this?

What is an example

a) Goal contagion
b) Embodied cognition
c) Anthropomorphism
d) Implicit egotism

A

d) Implicit egotism

  • Names are a common example
24
Q

Attribute human-like characteristics to nonhuman entities.

What concept is this?

a) Goal contagion
b) Embodied cognition
c) Anthropomorphism
d) Implicit egotism

A

c) Anthropomorphism

25
Q

Physical changes in the body can trigger changes in the way our mind thinks.

Ex- associating warmth with friendliness, so changes in temperature can affect how likable we find someone.

a) Goal contagion
b) Embodied cognition
c) Anthropomorphism
d) Implicit egotism

A

b) Embodied cognition

26
Q

Others’ behavior may spark a goal in ourselves.

When we observe another’s behavior, we tend to interpret their behavior in terms of goals that then become activated in our own mind and guide our behavior.

What concept is this?

a) Goal contagion
b) Embodied cognition
c) Anthropomorphism
d) Implicit egotism

A

a) Goal contagion

PSY3109- Social Motivation (5 decks)

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