Lecture #6- Individual differences in motivation Flashcards
Hippocrates identified 4 humors that determined people’s temperaments. What are they?
4pts
- Blood- sanguine: gregariousness, impulsiveness, pleasure seeking
- Phlegm- phlegmatic: warmth, laziness, calm
- Black bile- melancholic: introversion, creativity
- Yellow bile- choleric: aggression, ambition
Henry Murray (1938) first identified the achievement motive in his list of needs:
n-Ach
What is this need for achievement defined as? What does someone high in achievement motivation look like? What core motive is this similar to?
3pts
- The need for achievement is a prolonged, intense effort to accomplish a difficult and distant goal
- Someone high in achievement motivation is motivated to make significant accomplishments by holding themselves to a higher standard, overcoming obstacles and mastering something difficult
- Similar to the core motive “competence”
Assesses motivation by asking people to spontaneously write a short story about an ambiguous picture.
What test is this and what is it used to measure? What 4 things determine how it is measured?
3pts
- Called the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Test created by Henry Murray to measure achievement motivation/n-Ach
- Measured by each time the test taker mentions high standards, excellence, good outcomes, or a long term goal
People BLANK in achievement were more likely to prefer the difficult distance because they do not care as much if they fail.
People BLANK in achievement preferred the challenging but realistic goal.
High or low?
- Low
- High
People are more likely to remember interrupted actions than completed actions.
What effect is this?
Zeigarnik effect
Higher goal performance: Studies reveal that people high in achievement are more successful and have larger BLANK than others.
Hard work: People high in achievement are not necessarily more skilled, but they are more willing to…
- incomes
- work hard
In Kuhl’s action control theory
What are action oriented people vs state oriented people?
What concept is this and who is less likely to participate in it?
BLANK is stopping an old (inappropriate) behaviour to focus on a new goal-oriented one.
Action- oriented people: regulate their thoughts, emotions and behaviors
State-oriented people: unable to regulate themselves. Less likely to participate in behavioral disengagement
- Behavioral disengagement
Why are action-oriented people more successful at their jobs?
3pts
- Selective attention
- Selective processing
- Affective disengagement
Situations that invoke… encourage an action orientation.
Situations that invoke…encourage a state orientation
- excitement, autonomy, intrinsic motivation
- boredom, fear of failure, extrinsic motivation
What are approach vs avoidance temperaments defined as:
2pts
Approach temperaments are defined as a general sensitivity to positive, rewarding stimuli (stronger emotional reactions towards positive stimuli)
Avoidance temperaments are defined as a a general sensitivity to negative, punishing stimuli (stronger emotional reactions toward negative stimuli)
Any goal-related activity involves two basic self-regulatory functions:
2pts
Assessment : Evaluating the activity being done
Locomotion: The expenditures of resources to initiate and maintain the activity
Acting without thinking, making spontaneous decisions, failing to plan ahead.
What trait is this?
Impulsivity
Control thoughts, emotions and behaviors in a way that overrides inner impulses.
What trait is this?
Self control
What is one thing that people who are impulsive have difficulty with?
Difficulty with delayed gratification
What is grit?
2pts
- Perseverance and passion for long term goals: people high in grit persist in the face of adversity and boredom and are better able to resist temptations
- Those high in grit have good academic outcomes
What is the five factor model of personality?
5pts x 3 each
- Openness to experience- curious, adventurous, creative
-Conscientiousness- self disciplined, perseverance, achievement oriented
- Extraversion- outgoing, energetic, social stimulation
- Agreeableness- friendly, compassion, sympathetic
- Neuroticism- sensitive, nervous, stronger negative emotions
Desire to seek out and obtain information.
Cognitively-driven motivation for the acquisition of new knowledge, the filling of information gaps, and the solution of problems. It is a unique human curiosity for knowledge and an intrinsic motivation for individuals to be in search of new knowledge and information.
What concepts are these?
2pts
Epistemic motivation
Epistemic curiosity
The tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking: People high in need for cognition intrinsically enjoy any activity that requires effortful cognitive processing.
- They enjoy arguing and debating, Sudoku, crossword puzzles, etc
Epistemic motivation for cognition
Desire for a definitive answer: People high in the need for closure dislike confusion, uncertainty, and ambiguity. They value security, conformity, and tradition.
- They tend to see the world in black and white, and to search for clear and simple solutions to problems.
Epistemic motivation for closure
Expecting positive outcomes
Optimism
