Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY3109- Social Motivation > Lecture #7- Situation influences > Flashcards

Lecture #7- Situation influences Flashcards

1
Q

What is behaviorism ?

A

Anything an organism does can be considered a behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect?

What was the cat in the box experiment?

3pts

A
  • Hungry cat in a box with a bunch of levers, figuring out which one leads to food
  • Cat learns to associate pressing the lever with food: stimulus response bond (S-R bond)
  • The consequences of a behavior determine whether the behavior is repeated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is classical conditioning ? Give an example.

2pts

A
  • Environmental/unconditioned stimulus is paired with a new/neutral stimulus to elicit the unconditioned response
  • Pavlov’s dog salivation at the sound of the bell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

Give an example.

2pts

A
  • Strengthening or weakening of a behavior depending on it’s consequence.
  • Cause and effect: cat pushing the lever to obtain food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This is the most relevant type of conditioning for most human behaviors.

Operant or classical conditioning?

A

Operant conditoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a reinforcement? What is positive vs negative?

3pts

A

Reinforcement: Event that follows a behavior, increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future

Positive: adding something (not necessarily nice)

Negative: removing something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is punishment?

A
  • An event that follows a behavior, decreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement vs negative punishment, positive punishment?

  1. Praising a child for cleaning up.
  2. Because you studied hard all evening, I’ll do your chores for you tonight
  3. Roll up the cars window to get rid of the annoying wind on the highway
  4. Publicly shaming
  5. Getting a fine
  6. Taking away a child’s toy when they hit someone else
A
  1. Positive reinforcement
  2. Negative reinforcement
  3. Negative reinforcement
  4. Positive punishment
  5. Negative punishment
  6. Negative punishment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Schedules of reinforcement:

What is a continuous vs partial schedule?

In a partial schedule what is fixed, variable, interval and ratio?

A

Continuous: the behavior is reinforcement every time it occurs (eating, smoking)

Partial: the behavior is reinforced only some of the time
–> Fixed: behavior is reinforced on a predictable schedule
–> Variable: behavior is reinforced randomly or unpredictably
–> Ratio: based on the number of times the behavior occurs (how)
–> Interval: behavior is reinforced on a time interval (when)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval or variable ratio?

  1. Every tenth cup is free. Every bag of leaves is 5 dollars.
  2. Random gifts from grandma, pellets falling into a cage after random amounts of time
  3. Allowance every Sunday, 20 dollars an hour, feeding cats at a consistent time
  4. Each instance of the behaviour has a chance to cause the reward. Slot machines. Trying to get a ‘drop’ in a videogame.
A
  1. Fixed ratio
  2. Variable interval
  3. Fixed interval
  4. Variable ratio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which reinforcement schedule is the most motivating?

What are some examples of this.

A

Variable ratio reinforcement
- Ex- gambling, fishing, games, playing sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the drive theory?

A

Drive is an aversive or uncomfortable state: When drive is high, the organism is motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drive (biological needs are unmet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Hull’s drive theory?

5pts

A
  • Biological needs ignite a non-specific ‘drive’
  • Habits are a learned behavior and they emerge because they were rewarded in the past
  • Behavior = Drive x Habit
  • Used multiplication because if either is 0, it won’t happen
  • You need to have a learned response (habit) and a motivation to carry out the response (drive)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the criticism of Hull’s Drive Theory?

3pts

A
  • Lack of evidence for “non-specific drive”
  • Only biological needs were explained not psychological motives
  • not all behaviors are linked to a reduction in drive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The tendency for the presence of others to improve task performance is known as…

The tendency for the presence of others to impair task performance is known as…

Give examples.

A
  • Social facilitation
    –> Triplett did the first empirical study of social psychology- asking kids to reel in a fishing line when alone or competing with another child
  • Social inhibition
    –> easy to do alone, but then when around others we choke or fumble the task
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Zajonc theory?

Give an example.

3pts

A
  • The presence of others increases arousal and creates a physiological response
    -The presence of others is thought to result in social facilitation when the task is easy or habitual and result in social inhibition when the task is difficult or new

Ex- A skateboarder who wants to try skiing alone but snowboard with friends.

17
Q

Groups foster a sense of anonymity and a loss of individuality.

What concept is this? Elaborate.

3pts

A
  • Deindividuation
  • “Mob mentality” or “herd mentality” or “crowd psychology”
  • Loss of self focus and individual accountability that occurs when people are in a group
18
Q

What is an example of deindividuation ?

A

The Greater Internet Fuckwad theory (GIFT)
–> Normal person + anonymity + Audience = Total Fuckwad

19
Q

What is the online disinhibition effect?

Is the expression of secret emotions, fears and wishes.

Is the malicious behavior that results from understanding that one’s actions will not result in any meaningful consequences

Which is benign or toxic disinhibition?

A
  • Social restrictions found in face to face interactions are loosened during communications on the internet
  • Benign
  • Toxic
20
Q

Humans and animals exert less effort when working in a group than alone.

What concept is this?

What explains this decrease in effort?

A
  • Social loafing
  • Deindividuation
21
Q

Humans and animals exert less effort when working in a group than alone.

A

Social loafing

22
Q

The ability to control others, either by providing or withholding resources or by delivering punishments.

A

Social power

23
Q

What did Morgenthau (1948) argue?

3pts

A
  • Argued the need for power and love stem from the same basic root of loneliness
  • Love is equal influence and control
  • Power is unbalanced union, leading to sense of ‘othering’
24
Q

When power fails to cure loneliness, leaders often seek…

Power is not great at fulfilling the need for BLANK but can fill the need for BLANK

A
  • even more power
  • belonging, autonomy
25
Q

What is the Inesi abstract? What are two forces that govern human behavior?

3pts

A
  • Power and choice represent two fundamental forces that govern human behavior
  • Both are rooted in an individual’s sense of personal control
  • Power and choice are substitutable; where the absence of one would increase the desire for the other
26
Q

Person variables and situation variables interact with each other in a multiplicative way to influence people’s responses.

What explanation is this?

A

Person- by- Situation Explanation

27
Q

What was Kurt Lewin’s field theory?

3pts

A
  • Forces in a “field” (a social situation) drive people towards their goals or away from them
  • Those forces could be external or internal to the person
  • Behavior is a function of both person factors and environment factors: Behavior = f (P,E)
28
Q

At the core of Lewin’s Field Theory is “BLANK.” This represents all the factors influencing a person’s behavior at any moment. It includes the person’s past experiences, current perceptions,
goals, abilities, values… and external environmental factors.

Which factor of Lewin’s Field Theory is this?

a) Life space
b) Equilibrium
c. Forces
d. Change

A

Life space

28
Q

Within the life space, there are various BLANK at play. Some push the individual towards a particular behavior, while others might pull them away. These BLANK can be internal (like desires or fears) or external (like peer pressure or societal norms).

Which factor of Lewin’s Field Theory is this?

a) Life space
b) Equilibrium
c. Forces
d. Change

A

Forces

29
Q

Behavior, according to Lewin, seeks BLANK. When the
forces pushing and pulling an individual are balanced, the person’s behavior remains stable. However, when there’s an imbalance, the individual will act to restore BLANK.

Which factor of Lewin’s Field Theory is this?

a) Life space
b) Equilibrium
c. Forces
d. Change

A

Equilibrium

30
Q

For behavior to BLANK, the forces in the life space must be altered.
This can be achieved by either strengthening the driving forces, weakening the restraining forces, or combining both.

Which factor of Lewin’s Field Theory is this?

a) Life space
b) Equilibrium
c. Forces
d. Change

A

Change

31
Q

Noted that people’s behaviour fluctuates:
- An introvert can act extroverted in some situations, or vice versa, but over time, a pattern emerges
- People’s behaviour tends to fluctuate within a range
(he called it ‘bandwidth’) that is stable for that
person.
- It is only when we look at a collection of multiple behaviours in multiple situations that we can see true personality differences emerge in people

Who believed this?

A

Fleeson (2001)

PSY3109- Social Motivation (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions