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Nutrition > Lecture 9 - Equine Nutrition 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Equine Nutrition 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it easy for the digestive capacity of the stomach and small intestine to get overwhelmed?

A

These areas of the GI tract are very small, and feed passes through these areas rapidly as the horse eats

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2
Q

Food source which provides fiber to keep the horse full and encourage good GI motility

A

Hay or haylage

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3
Q

Natural food source that is good for the digestive system

A

Grass

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4
Q

Food sources which add moisture to the feed

A

Fruit or vegetables

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5
Q

Concentrated energy sources added to the diet

A

Concentrates

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6
Q

Can be offered to horses to help replenish electrolytes

A

Salt lick blocks or loose salt

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7
Q

True or false: Forage is the basis of a healthy horse diet and should constitute the majority of the ration

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: Most horses only need good forage, water, and a mineral block to maintain their body weight

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: When exercise decreases for a horse, the amount of grain in their diet should increase

A

False; amount of grain in the diet should DECREASE with a decrease in exercise

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10
Q

True or False: Daily water requirements (ml) = kcal requirements

A

True

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11
Q

What is considered normal drinking behavior for horses?

A

Small volumes at a time, about 2 to 3 drinks per visit to water source (may increase in frequency when hot/active, but still small volumes at a time)

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12
Q

Colic, poor performance, and Impaction are all consequences of…

A

Dehydration

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13
Q

Why is stagnant water dangerous for horses?

A

It can grow blue-green algae (can cause liver necrosis, tremors, diarrhea, and death if ingested by the horse)

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14
Q

What are the three ways the body makes energy during energy malnutrition/starvation?

(Hint: Second option occurs after first is depleted, and the third option occurs after the second option is depleted)

A
  • Carbohydrate store depletion (glycogen)
  • Fat catabolism (spares protein)
  • Protein catabolism
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15
Q

Type of catabolism associated with illness, lactation, and obesity; may lead to hyperlipidemia

A

Fat catabolism

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16
Q

Type of catabolism that targets liver protein and leads to edema, poor immunity/skin/respiratory/cardiac function; skeletal muscle spared as long as possible, but can be a target

A

Protein catabolism

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17
Q

True or False: Protein requirement refers to the requirement for essential AAs and for nitrogen used as a building block for non-essential AA synthesis

A

True

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18
Q

How does a mature horse (at maintenance) primarily synthesize essential AA?

A

Colonic conversion of nitrogen (if there is enough dietary nitrogen)

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19
Q

When protein digestibility decreases due to hay being heated or getting wet

A

Maillard reaction (“non-enzymatic browning”)

20
Q

Why is non-protein nitrogen (NPN) not a good source of nitrogen in horses?

A

It will be absorbed in the small intestines and excreted as urea in the urine

(Extra note: foregut fermenters, in contrast, have bacteria that can utilize the nitrogen before it is absorbed in the SI)

21
Q

True or False: NPN is more toxic in horses than foregut fermenters

A

False; NPN is LESS toxic in horses than foregut fermenters

22
Q

Weight loss, poor skin/hair quality, poor growth, decreased lactation, poor performance, edema, low BUN, and low albumin/TP are all clinical signs of…

A

Protein deficiency

23
Q

Why does excess protein cause increased heat production?

A

Protein is thermogenic

24
Q

How would you calculate protein requirements for a mature idle horse?

A

(BW in kg) x 1.26 g CP/kg BW/d

25
Q

What can excessive carbohydrate intake lead to?

A

GI dysbiosis

(Examples: colic, laminitis, diarrhea)

26
Q

What is fiber essential for?

A

Regulating GI motility and providing substrate for GI microbiota

27
Q

Type of fiber which usually results in increased stool water content; examples include pectin and gums

A

Soluble fiber

28
Q

Type of fiber which has lower digestibility and produces VFAs that are absorbed; examples include cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

A

Insoluble fiber

29
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid and arachidonic acid

30
Q

Why is it unnecessary to provide arachidonate in a normal horse diet?

A

They can synthesize arachidonic acid fro linoleic acid

31
Q

Why might lipids be preferable to highly digestible carbohydrates when energy demands are high?

A

Less risk of developing colic and laminitis

32
Q

Calcium and phosphorus comprise 70% of all minerals in the body, and they are stored in the ______.

A

Bone

33
Q

Phosphorus is important for…

A

Energy metabolism (ATP), membrane function, and enzyme regulation

34
Q

Calcium is important for…

A

Neural function, enzyme activity, and cell signaling

35
Q

True or False: Excess calcium impacts phosphorus absorption more than the other way around

A

False; excess PHOSPHORUS impacts CALCIUM absorption more than the other way around

36
Q

What impact do excess phosphorus and oxalates found in certain grass have on growing foals and mares?

A

The excess phosphorus and oxalates can bind calcium, and this can impact skeletal health in growing foals and mares

37
Q

True or False: Calcium is mostly absorbed in the large intestines whereas phosphorus is mostly absorbed in the small intestines

A

False; calcium is mostly absorbed in the SMALL intestines whereas phosphorus is mostly absorbed in the LARGE intestines

38
Q

True or False: Horses have an appetite for salt and will consume adequate amounts if available

A

True

39
Q

Why might salt toxicity occur?

A

If water is not available or not palatable

40
Q

What are some clinical signs of salt toxicity?

A
  • Colic
  • Diarrhea
  • Weakness
  • Neurological signs
41
Q

What are some clinical signs of salt deficiency?

A
  • Weakness
  • Decreased sweating
  • Decreased performance
  • Decreased lactation
  • Pica
42
Q

When refeeding a starved horse, how should meals be offered?

A

Small portions, frequent intervals (every 4 hours), high quality forage

(Goal = to stabilize insulin)

43
Q

What is the feeding protocol for a starved horse in days 1 to 3?

A

50% of DER requirement, 6 feedings per day (4 hour intervals)

44
Q

What is the feeding protocol for a starved horse in days 4 to 5?

A

75% of DER requirement, 6 feedings per day (4 hours intervals)

45
Q

What is the feeding protocol for a starved horse in days 6 to 10?

A

100% of DER requirement, 3 feedings per day (every 8 hours)

46
Q

What is the feeding protocol for a starved horse in days 10 to 120?

A

100% of DER requirement, 2 to 3 times per day (increase quantity if fully consumed) - NO GRAIN until BCS of 2 or higher achieved

Nutrition (17 decks)

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