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Nutrition > Lecture 7 - Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Micronutrients: Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Organic substances present in small amounts in natural foodstuffs; essential to normal metabolism and lacking them can cause deficiency issues

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all ____ _________ vitamins.

A

Fat soluble

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3
Q

B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, biotin, and choline) and vitamin C are ______ __________ vitamins

A

Water soluble

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4
Q

True or False: Many vitamins are cofactors for enzymes

A

True

(Some can also be methyl donors and gene translators/activators)

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5
Q

True or False: Minerals are not important when it comes to diet

A

False; much like vitamins, a lack or insufficient amount of certain minerals in the diet can lead to disease

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6
Q

True or False: Some minerals may interact with each other, meaning the requirement for one mineral may be impacted by the amounts of other minerals

A

True

(Example: divalent cation minerals, like Zn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, may compete and decrease each other’s absorption)

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7
Q

A type of anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Macrocytic anemia

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8
Q

A type of anemia caused by iron deficiency

A

Microcytic anemia

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9
Q

Which four essential nutrients are required for normal RBC production?

A
  • Iron (hemoglobin)
  • Folate/B9 (nucleotide synth, vital to rapidly dividing cells)
  • Pyridoxin/B6 (protein synth)
  • Cobalamin/B12 (nucleotide synth, contains cobalt)
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10
Q

Ruminants and hindgut fermenters can rely on GI microbiota for cobalamin if their is enough ________ in their diet

A

Cobalt

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11
Q

Iron deficiency can occur as a result of low ________ or increased _______.

A

Intake; losses

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12
Q

Internal parasites, external parasites, tumor, and ulcers can cause chronic blood loss, which may lead to THIS type of deficiency in the animal…

A

Iron

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13
Q

What is heme iron?

A

Iron from hemoglobin in meat and fish that is in the reduced and highly absorbable form (Fe2+)

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14
Q

What is non-heme iron?

A

Iron from plants in the oxidized and less absorbable form (Fe3+)

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15
Q

True or False: Heme-iron has an absorption of 15 - 35%, while non-heme absorption is only 2 -20%

A

True

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16
Q

Which acidic vitamin seems to increase the absorption of non-heme iron?

A

Vitamin C

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17
Q

Which vitamin is important for epithelial health?

A

Vitamin A

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18
Q

What are the two forms Vitamin A can take?

A
  • Retinol (retinoic acid)
  • Beta carotene (provitamin A)

(Extra note: herbivores can efficiently transform beta carotene to retinol, but not all species can do this)

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19
Q

Where is retinol stored in the body?

A

Liver and kidneys

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20
Q

What are 3 important functions of vitamin A?

A
  • maintain normal epithelial function
  • maintain immune function
  • vision
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21
Q

What are some clinical signs of beta carotene deficiency?

A

Night blindness (nyctalopia) and dry eye/corneal opacity (xerophthalmia)

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22
Q

Which enzyme is zinc a cofactor for?

A

Super Oxide Dismuase (SOD)

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23
Q

What is the significance of Super Oxide Dismutase?

A

It catalyzes the disputation of superoxide radicals (O2-) to O2 and H2O2, providing cellular defense against ROS

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24
Q

What foods are typically high in zinc?

A

Beans, legumes, internal viscera (like kidneys and liver), and red meat

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25
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary zinc deficiency?

A

Primary = not enough zinc in diet
Secondary = indirect factors (result of GI disease or dietary inhibitors that affect zinc absorption)

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26
Q

What can be used to supplement zinc (and phosphorus) in pig diets?

A

Phytase/Phytic acid

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27
Q

What is a clinical sign of zinc deficiency in dogs (and other species as well)?

A

Hyperkeratosis around eyes, elbows, and joints

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28
Q

A process by which a substance loses one or more electrons

A

Oxidation

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29
Q

The substance that gains an electron during oxidation

A

Oxidant

30
Q

Superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical (OH-) generated from normal cellular respiration are all examples of…

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

31
Q

Which fatty acids are most susceptible to damage caused by ROS?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

32
Q

A component of phospholipids that compose cell and organelle membranes; they consist of unsaturated carbon or double bonds (C=C-)

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

33
Q

What is lipid peroxidation?

A

The process of polyunsaturated fatty acids being damaged/broken down by ROS

34
Q

What negative impacts can lipid peroxidation have on a cell?

(Hint: domino effect)

A

Lipid peroxides cause phospholipid bilayer to become excessively permeable, thus disrupting normal cell/organelle function (may lead to cell death if severe)

35
Q

True or False: Vitamin E is amphipathic, allowing it to integrate into cellular membranes

A

True

36
Q

Which selenium-containing enzyme can reactivate vitamin C after it reduces non-reactive, oxidized alpha tocopherol?

A

Thioredoxin reductase

37
Q

What are some good dietary sources of vitamin E?

A

Leafy greens and seeds

38
Q

Which mineral is coupled to vitamin E and necessary for reducing oxidized vitamin E?

A

Selenium

39
Q

True or False: Vitamin E requirements decrease with dietary fat and PUFA

A

False; Vitamin E requirements INCREASE with dietary fat and PUFA

40
Q

What is the PRIMARY function of selenium?

A

To act as a cofactor for enzymes with antioxidant function

41
Q

An enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide to water and reduces lipid hydroperoxides to alcohols; contains selenium

(Hint: two words, G_______ P_______)

A

Glutathione peroxidase

42
Q

Which animals most commonly suffer from selenium deficiency?

A

Cattle and livestock raised on selenium-poor soil (typically soil formed from volcanic activity or derived from sedentary rocks pre-dating major Cretaceous period)

43
Q

What are some clinical signs of selenium deficiency, also called “white muscle disease”?

A

Muscle degeneration, necrosis, acute/extreme weakness

44
Q

Swollen/edematous muscles and white streaks in the muscle are characteristic of…

A

White muscle disease

45
Q

True or False: White muscle disease can affect the glottis and pharynx, causing secondary aspiration pneumonia

A

True

46
Q

What is Zanker’s necrosis?

A

White streaks in the muscle caused by oxidation (characteristic of white muscle disease)

47
Q

True or False: Selenium is required for proper testosterone, sperm, and thyroid function in dogs

A

True

48
Q

Copper is a cofactor for _________ ___________, an enzyme that neutralizes reactive superoxide molecules

A

Superoxide dismutase

49
Q

What are two physiological consequences of copper deficiency?

A

Anemia and decreased immune function

50
Q

How does copper deficiency affect pigmentation?

A

It is a cofactor for tyrosine conversion to melanin (low copper = hypopigmentation)

51
Q

Copper is also a cofactor for ______ ________, an enzyme important for collagen maturation

A

Lysyl oxidase

52
Q

Physitis, inflammation, and abnormal maturation in the growth plates are all consequences of which deficiency?

A

Copper

53
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

Coagulation; to act as a cofactor for synthesizing blood clotting factor II, VII, IX, and X in the liver

54
Q

Where do vitamins K1, K2, and K3 come from respectively?

A

K1 (phylloquinone) = leafy greens
K2 (menaquinone) = gut bacteria
K3 (menadione) = synthetic supplement

55
Q

When is vitamin K supplementation required?

A

In any situation that interferes with synthesis of vit K dependent clotting factors

Examples: rodenticide (warfarin) toxicity, severe liver/intestinal disease, and moldy sweet clover exposure (livestock)

56
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin is involved in calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism?

A

Vitamin D

57
Q

What are vitamins D2 and D3 derived from respectively?

A

D2 (ergocalciferol) = plant/fungal derived
D3 (cholecalciferol) = animal derived (milk/meat/egg)

58
Q

True or False: Many animals can synthesize vitamin D3 from UVB light

A

True

59
Q

What are some functions of active vitamin D (calcitriol)?

A
  • Promote elevating plasma calcium and phosphate levels (for bone mineralization)
  • Promote mobilization of calcium from bone (with PTH)
  • Stimulate intestinal calcium absorption
  • Increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys (distal tubules)
60
Q

True or False: Dogs and cats have an exceptional ability to synthesize vitamin D in the skin, and thus they do not need supplementation in the diet

A

False; Dogs and cats are UNABLE to synthesize vitamin D in the skin and REQUIRE it in the diet

61
Q

Abnormal growth plate closure, long bone deformity, and lack of mineralization are all clinical signs for which vitamin D deficiency (in growing animals)?

A

Rickets

62
Q

True or False: Vitamin D in excess can be lethal, and the safety range is very narrow

A

True

(Extra note: Vitamin D is used in some rodenticides)

63
Q

What are some clinical sings of excess vitamin D intake?

A

Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

(Can then lead to soft tissue mineralization, kidney injury, uroliths, and neuro signs)

64
Q

Which B vitamin is commonly deficient in dog and cat food?

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

65
Q

B vitamins are synthesized by the GI microbiota in ________ and ________ fermenters

A

Foregut; hindgut

66
Q

Which B vitamin requires cobalt?

A

Cobalamin

67
Q

Where can the enzyme thiaminase be found (dietary source)?

A

Some raw fish/shellfish

68
Q

What are clinical signs associated with cats who have a thiamin deficiency?

A

Neurologic and cardiac abnormalities

69
Q

Changes in rumen microflora as a result of diet change or intake pattern can cause an increase in certain bacterial growth, and this can cause (clinical signs)…

A

Neurological signs such as aimless wandering, stargazing, blindness, and CCN (cerebral-cortical necrosis)

70
Q

Which two hormones need iodine for proper function?

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

71
Q

What happens to the thyroid when an animal has an iodine deficiency?

A

Enlargement, leading to goiter and decreased thyroid function (can obstruct airways in severe cases)

Nutrition (17 decks)

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