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Nutrition > Lecture 8 - Food and Feed > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Food and Feed Flashcards

1
Q

The components of the diets

A

Feedstuff

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2
Q

All feedstuff offered during a 24 hours period

A

Ration/Daily ration

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3
Q

Nutrients that must be provided in the diet to support health

A

Essential nutrients

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4
Q

Feed formulated to provide all essential nutrients for the animal (except water); can be fed as a sole food source (such as extruded diets for dogs and cats that are balanced)

A

Complete feed

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5
Q

True or False: Most livestock diets are a mixture of individual feedstuff, although complete feeds do exist as an option

A

True

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6
Q

High fiber foods with a crude fiber content of 20% or more; examples include forage, straw, silage/haylage, and seed hulls

A

Roughage

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7
Q

Starches, simple sugars, proteins, vitamins, and minerals are found in the plant cell’s ________.

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

Fiber comprises the cell _____, and soluble fiber is in the _____________ space, forming a matrix that holds cells together.

A

Wall; intercellular

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9
Q

Seeds (grains) have a high content of…

A

Starch

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10
Q

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are all examples of fiber found in the… (name the part of the cell)

A

Cell wall

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11
Q

Pectin and gums are both examples of fiber found in the… (name the part of the cell)

A

Intercellular space

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12
Q

Fiber and starch are both polysaccharides, but what is the key factor that makes them different in regards to dietary needs?

A

Endogenous mammalian enzymes cannot break the 1, 4 glycosidic linkage (only alpha) in cellulose or hemicellulose

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13
Q

What eventually happens to starches with bacterial fermentation?

A

They form volatile fatty acids (VFA)

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14
Q

Carbohydrates that do not support the building foundations of the plant, and thus are usually more digestible

A

Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC)

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15
Q

These represent a fraction of the non-structural carbohydrates, and they are reduced when hay is soaked in water

A

Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC)

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16
Q

Beet pulp is energy dense and has a ____ NSC content, while rice bran is energy dense but has a _______ NSC content

A

Low; Higher

Extra note:
Low = 4 to 20% NSC DM
Higher = 16 to 34% NSC DM

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17
Q

Where does fermentation occur in horses, rabbits, and rodents?

A

Hindgut

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18
Q

Where does fermentation occur in camelids and ruminants?

A

Forestomach

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19
Q

An anaerobic process where the substrate is broken down to simpler compounds by microbial enzymes (such as cellulase)

A

Fermentation

20
Q

What is produced during fermentation?

A

Energy, VFAs, and gasses (CO2 and CH4)

21
Q

A non-carbohydrate carbon polymer found in plants; its content increases in plants as they mature and grow, and digestibility decreases when it exists in high amounts

A

Lignin

22
Q

What structural component in lignin molecules directly correlates with combustibility?

A

They are high in hydrocarbons

23
Q

Grass and legumes are both examples of ___________.

A

Forage

24
Q

What is the link between legumes and nitrogen?

A

Associated bacteria can fix N2 into the soil, then NH3 is absorbed into the plant to be used as substrate for protein and other nitrogenous compounds

25
Q

Refers to plants that are available for grazing; can either be cultivated or wild and may or may not be irrigated

A

Pasture

26
Q

Cut forage that is dried and consists of 90% dry matter and 10% moisture; can be stored for relatively long periods of time in bales and stacks once cuts

A

Hay

27
Q

Most hays are either __________ or __________ hay

A

Grasses (ex: timothy grass hay, orchard grass hay)
Legume (ex: alfalfa hay)

28
Q

What are the stages of maturity for hay?

(4 stages)

A
  • Bud stage (HIGHEST nutrient content)
  • Bloom stage (high yield, decreased digestibility)
  • Seed production stage (aged, less digestible/nutritious)
  • Dormant stage (LEAST digestible/nutritious, often burnt for fertilizer rather than used for graze)
29
Q

First harvest, variable maturity, less digestible, and lower nutritional value

A

First cutting of hay

30
Q

Uniform growth, greater water penetration, warmer weather, higher nutritional value, higher digestibility

A

Second and third cutting of hay

31
Q

How can water exposure affect hay?

(2 answers)

A
  • “Moldy basement smell” (hay too wet when baled or got wet while in storage)
  • Dark brown color, visible mold spores (water damage)
32
Q

What factors should be noted when evaluating hay?

(3 factors, one word each)

A

Appearance, color, and smell

33
Q

What is the MOST ACCURATE way to determine if hay is of good quality?

A

Lab analysis of nutrient content and digestibility from a core sample

34
Q

The forage that regrows after hay is cut, dried, and removed; high quality, nutrient rich, and lush

A

Aftermath - also called stubble (mostly for grains) or residue

35
Q

Bloat, enterotoxemia, laminitis, pulmonary edema (cattle) are all clinical signs that may arise as a result of ingesting hay that is too _______.

A

Rich

36
Q

Stems of mature grain plants left behind once grains are removed; thick and high in lignin; better as substrate than food, but can be chopped into small pieces and added to livestock ration as a partially digestible fiber

A

Straw

37
Q

Cereal crop that is chopped and fermented prior to being fed; usually uses the entire plant (stems, leaves, and grain); 65 to 70% moisture, and 30 to 35% dry matter

A

Silage

38
Q

Made from a non-grain forage such as alfalfa; usually uses the entire plant; 40 to 50% moisture

A

Haylage

39
Q

What are the steps of ensiling (the process of silage and haylage production)?

A
  • Crops are cut and removed from field
  • Material is packed tight and sealed in a silo or bag to ferment (anaerobic process, lack of O2 vital to process)
  • Acid acts as preservative and inhibits bacterial growth
40
Q

A seed of bacteria from another silage used to expedite fermentation and limit mold and spoilage in new silage

A

Inoculants

41
Q

Why is it important for silage to be packed in tightly to its storage space and under anaerobic conditions?

A

Mold and spoilage often occur in looser areas/gaps where air/rain/groundwater can penetrate

42
Q

Oils/fats as well as grains/concentrates are ______ energy feeds.

A

High

43
Q

True or False: Non-nitrogen proteins are useful in monogastric and hindgut fermenters, but not foregut fermenters

A

False; useful in FOREGUT fermenters but not monogastric or hindgut fermenters

44
Q

Nitrogen-containing feedstuffs include not only protein, but also compounds such as…

A

Urea, biuret, and ammoniated forages

45
Q

Where is non-protein nitrogen absorbed in species other the foregut fermenters?

A

Small intestines (later excreted in urine)

Nutrition (17 decks)

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