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Nutrition > Lecture 10 - Equine Nutrition 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Equine Nutrition 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal cardiac function, acid-base balance, renal function, and neural function are all highly dependent on which mineral?

A

Potassium

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2
Q

True or False: Potassium excess is a common problem

A

False; excess of potassium in the body is NOT common

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3
Q

What are some clinical signs of potassium deficiency?

A

Inappetence, fatigue, weakness, lethargy

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4
Q

Increased aldosterone secretion, increased Na+ retention, and increased K+ excretion are all associated with excess __________.

A

Sweating

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5
Q

What type of medications are typically used to treat potassium deficiency?

A

Diuretics (Furosemide)

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6
Q

True or False: Magnesium metabolism closely adheres to calcium and phosphorus

A

True

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7
Q

While dietary deficiency is uncommon, high _________ may reduce magnesium absorption.

A

Phosphorus

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8
Q

An acute neurological condition caused by magnesium deficiency (Mg <1.6 mg/dl) seen in lactating mares and stressed fasted animals in transport

A

Hypomagnesemic tetany

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9
Q

Magnesium is necessary for adenyl cyclase activity, which is required for ___________ hormone release.

A

Parathyroid

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10
Q

True or False: Iodine excess and iodine deficiency both cause clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

A

False; iodine excess and deficiency both cause clinical signs of HYPOthyroidism

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11
Q

Why do iodine excess and deficiency both cause clinical signs of hypothyroidism? (Briefly explain mechanisms for both)

A
  • Iodine is a component of T3 and T4, so low iodine leads to low thyroid hormone production
  • Excess iodine causes negative feedback for TSH release from pituitary, leading to low thyroid hormone production
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12
Q

Dry coat, alopecia, impaired growth, decreased bone mineralization, lethargy, inappetence, and cold intolerance are all clinical signs of… (name the disease)

A

Hypothyroidism

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13
Q

Why is copper dangerous in excess?

A

It promotes oxidation when on its own (and not acting as a cofactor), and excess may cause liver and kidney damage

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14
Q

Collagen/elastin synthesis, iron mobilization, and melatonin synthesis all rely on which mineral?

A

Copper

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15
Q

A mineral that accumulates in plants, according to soil content, and interferes with copper absorption; may or may not be required in the diet

A

Molybdenum

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16
Q

What is a consequence excess zinc can have on foals?

A

Joint disease

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17
Q

Which mineral deficiency causes parakeratosis in the lower limbs?

A

Zinc

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18
Q

Why is iron supplementation dangerous for foals?

A

It is generally unnecessary and can cause liver failure

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19
Q

Which vitamin and mineral combo has a synergistic antioxidant effect (low amounts in one require supplementation of the other)?

A

Vitamin E and selenium

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20
Q

What disease is associated with Vitamin E and selenium deficiency? (Name disease and some clinical signs)

A

White muscle disease; common signs are lethargy, inability to curl tongue to suckle, and aspiration pneumonia (if tracheal muscles affected)

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21
Q

True or False: Vitamin E excess is uncommon, but selenium has a comparatively narrow safety range

A

True

(Extra note: 5 to 10 times the required amount of selenium can be toxic)

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22
Q

True or False: Diets with high fat/oil content correlate with a decreased vitamin E requirement

A

False; a high fat/oil diet INCREASES vitamin E requirement

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23
Q

Vitamins that are generally present in adequate amounts, carry a greater risk for toxicity due to slow excretion rates, and share the same absorption mechanisms with each other (causing competition)

A

Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) - A and D have highest toxicity risk!

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24
Q

Vitamins that are rarely deficient or in excess, can be synthesized endogenously or by colonic microbes, and can be filtered in urine and excreted when in excess

A

Water soluble vitamins (B and C)

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25
Q

Grain mixtures are usually fortified with vitamins, but additional vitamin supplementation can be beneficial if… (multiple answers)

A
  • Hay/feed quality is poor or stored for too long
  • During periods of colic/GI disease (dysbiosis)
  • When animal is on antibiotics (dysbiosis)

(Extra note: dysbiosis = anything that causes disruption of normal gut microbiota)

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26
Q

True or False: Mares do not require an increase in food intake until the last trimester of their pregnancy to maintain proper nutrition

A

True

(Extra note: 12 to 20% increase in intake in last trimester)

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27
Q

Grass hay is lower in ________, so supplementation may be required for lactating mares

A

Calcium

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28
Q

What is an ideal BCS for a pregnant mare to maintain?

A

BCS of 5 to 6 (on a 9 point scale)

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29
Q

Which mineral may need to be supplemented if a lactating mare is primarily eating legume hay in her diet?

A

Phosphorus

30
Q

The feed that is offered to suckling animals to support growth in addition to milk

A

Creep feed

31
Q

What does creep feed typically consist of?

A

Corn, oat, and barley

32
Q

What is the ideal BCS for a weanling foal?

A

BCS of 4 (on a 9 point scale)

33
Q

What are some potential causes of orthopedic disease in growing foals?

A
  • Accelerated growth (genetics)
  • Conformational abnormalities (toe-in or straight fetlock)
  • Nutritional factors (excesses/deficiencies)
34
Q

List some vitamins and minerals associated with orthopedic disease in growing foals (when deficient or in excess)

A

Vitamins A & D, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, copper, zinc

35
Q

Legume grass, green grass, and grains are all good sources of _______________. (Name the macronutrient)

A

Carbohydrates

36
Q

A good high ________ feed for performance horses may consist of alfalfa (legume hay), grass hay, oat hay, and grain.

A

Protein

37
Q

True or False: It is important to feed performance horses diets that consist of more forage than grain

A

True

38
Q

Which electrolyte deficiencies are the most concerning in performance horse?

A

Na, Cl, K, Mg, and Ca

39
Q

What can be given to horses to make up for a lack of sodium in their diet, or to raise their sodium levels after prolonged activity/sweating?

A

Salt blocks

40
Q

Damage/destruction of muscles, usually as a result of extreme exercise and excretion; results in severe muscle damage that is extensive enough to have considerable metabolic effects

A

Rhabdomyolysis

41
Q

List some potential causes of rhabdomyolysis

A
  • High fat/low antioxidant intake in active horses
  • Physical trauma (burns, bites, heat stroke, electrocution)
  • Vitamin E/selenium deficiency
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Underlying disease
  • Polysaccharide myopathy-glycogen storage disorder
42
Q

What are some clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis?

A
  • Muscle pain, swollen muscles, stiff gait
  • Myoglobinuria (can progress to renal failure)
  • Cardiac arrhythmia/arrest (due to K+ leak from myocytes)
43
Q

What type of diet should be regularly given to horses diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis?

A

High-fiber, high fat, and low-starch

44
Q

True or False: Hyperlipidemia rarely occurs secondary to stress, disease, pregnancy, lactation, or poor feed intake

A

False; hyperlipidemia OFTEN occurs secondary to these factors

45
Q

Inappetence, dullness, depression, poor feed intake, colic, and sometimes liver failure are all clinical signs of…

A

Hyperlipidemia

46
Q

Hyperlipidemia occurs when…

A

FFAs are mobilized to provide energy at a rate that exceeds the metabolism (causes fatty acid oxidation or ketone body formation)

47
Q

What can occur when too much fat accumulates in hepatocytes?

A

Clots/emboli in blood vessels

48
Q

What is the most efficient method of treating hyperlipidemia?

A

Treat the primary illness (but prevention is key if possible)

49
Q

What is the general name for abdominal pain in horses?

A

Colic

50
Q

List some common symptoms of colic

A

Pawing, rolling, bloating, sweating, distress, uneasiness, no interest in food/water, peculiar postures, absence of gut sounds

51
Q

Where does “impaction colic” typically occur in the horse GI tract?

A

Large intestines (usually palpable)

52
Q

What are three important things to check in a horse if colic is prevalent?

A

Diet, dentition, parasite control

53
Q

Name the type of colic:
Palpable in large intestines; result of excessive fermentation and gas production; may be caused by high energy feeds such as grain and lush forage

A

Gas colic

54
Q

Name the type of colic:
Hard to palpate in large intestines; suspected according to environment and sand in feces

A

Sand colic

55
Q

When is medical (as opposed to surgical) intervention appropriate for horses diagnosed with colic?

A

When the horse is mildly painful and cardiovascular systems are functioning normally

56
Q

What should be the primary focus of treatment in colicky horses with evidence of intestinal obstruction with dry ingesta on rectal exam?

A

Rehydration and evacuating intestinal contents

57
Q

Why is it important to address severe pain in colicky horses?

A

Too much pain can negatively affect GI motility

58
Q

An inflammatory condition caused by disruption of blood flow to the laminae; inflammation often causes permanent weakness to laminae that interferes with wall/bone bond

A

Laminitis

59
Q

True or False: Laminitis can be caused by certain toxins, such as bacterial toxins

A

True

(Examples: GI dysbiosis, nutritional factors, infection)

60
Q

List some clinical signs of laminitis

A

Lameness, pain, change in hoof structure (when chronic)

Can be fatal

61
Q

How can excessive carbohydrate intake lead to laminitis?

A

If all carbs cannot be digested in small intestines, they ferment in large intestines and cause acidosis. Bacteria die-off and release endotoxins as a result of the acidosis.
Laminitis then develops within 24 hours

62
Q

How can laminitis be prevented?

A
  • Avoid high sugar/water soluble carb feed
  • Soak hay in water, then remove the water (can help reduce water-soluble carb that may contribute to dysbiosis)
63
Q

A characteristic collection of clinical signs and clinicopathologic changes in equids that places them at high risk for developing laminitis

A

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)

64
Q

What is the hallmark clinical sign of EMS?

A

Insulin dysregulation/hyper-insulinemia (with normal BG)

(Extra note: usually affects obese horses, but can occur in thinner horses)

65
Q

What are some clinical signs commonly associated with EMS?

A

Hyper-insulinemia with normal BG, infertility, altered ovarian activity, and increased appetite

66
Q

What is an appropriate diet for horses diagnosed with EMS?

A
  • REDUCE high energy concentrates and fats
  • INCREASE fiber and roughage
  • ELIMINATE or HEAVILY RESTRICT pasture access (until desired BCS reached)
67
Q

True or False: Chronic kidney disease is very common in horses

A

False; chronic kidney disease is relatively uncommon in horses

68
Q

High BP, coagulopathies, pyelonephritis, and tumors are all common causes of…

A

Chronic kidney disease

69
Q

Although there are no clear diet recommendations for horses with chronic kidney disease, what are some options that may be beneficial?

A
  • Avoid high protein (like legumes)
  • Carb based diet
  • Adequate hydration
70
Q

What are some beneficial dietary options for geriatric horses to help prevent weight loss (assuming no underlying metabolic disorder)?

A
  • High caloric density/increased protein
  • More digestible forage (less mature grass hay)
  • Highly digestible fiber (beet pulp/soy hulls)

Nutrition (17 decks)

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