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Nutrition > Lecture 11 - Ruminant Nutrition 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Ruminant Nutrition 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The fermentation vat; anaerobic environment with a constant temperature and pH, responsible for mixing ingesta

A

Rumen

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2
Q

Feed, water, and saliva are delivered to the __________ through the esophageal orifice, while heavy objects (such as grain or foreign objects like rocks/nails) go to the __________.

A

Reticulorumen; reticulum

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3
Q

What is the main gas produced in the rumen during the anaerobic fermentation process?

A

Methane

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4
Q

What are the benefits of saliva for the ruminant?

A

Provides lubrication and hydration to the rumen, and acts as an alkaline buffer

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5
Q

Where do ruminal contractions push lighter/larger and denser/smaller particles of food, respectively?

A

Lighter/larger = back into rumen

Denser/smaller = into reticulum, and through reticulo-omasal orifice into omasum

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6
Q

True or False: In young ruminants, suckling causes reflexive closure of the esophageal groove so that the milk by-passes the rumen and goes directly to the omasum

A

True

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7
Q

In the young ruminant stomach, milk is curdled by _______ and eventually digested enzymatically.

A

Renin

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8
Q

Regurgitation of ingesta from reticulum, followed by remastication and re-swallowing; allows for effective mechanical breakdown of roughage, which increases substrate surface area for fermentation microbes

A

Rumination

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9
Q

True or False: Rumination typically occurs when the ruminant is at rest

A

True

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10
Q

What happens to carbohydrates during carbohydrate metabolism?

A

They are fermented to VFAs in the forestomachs (namely propionate, butyrate, and acetate)

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11
Q

True or False: Acetate is metabolized to glucose via hepatic gluconeogenesis, but other VFAs (such as propionate and butyrate) cannot be converted to glucose

A

False; PROPIONATE can be metabolized to glucose, but ACETATE and BUTYRATE cannot

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12
Q

Why is it important for VFAs to be adequately removed from the rumen and sent towards the liver?

A

Excess build-up of VFAs in the rumen can cause rumen acidosis

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13
Q

How is acetic acid utilized in the ruminant body?

A

It is oxidized to generate ATP, and it is used as a source of acetyl CoA for lipid synthesis

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14
Q

True or False: Glucose production is directly correlated to milk production (volume), as it is needed to form lactose.

A

True

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15
Q

The liver is in a constant state of gluconeogenesis during __________, and requires a constant supply of propionate.

A

Lactation

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16
Q

What are some metabolites utilized by the hepatocytes to provide glucose for the body?

(5 possible answers)

A
  • Propionate
  • Glycerol (from dietary fats)
  • Lactate (from anaerobic glycolysis / fermentation)
  • AA’s (from dietary protein / muscle catabolism)
  • Glycogen (storage pool of glucose for emergencies)
17
Q

Negative energy balance occurs when…

A

Energy requirement > energy intake

18
Q

Why does gluconeogenesis increase when there is a negative energy balance?

A

Insulin decreases, so glucagon increases, causing increased gluconeogenesis

19
Q

What does the body use as an energy substitute when glucose is in short supply?

A

Triglycerides (because lipids are energy dense)

20
Q

The process of breaking lipids down to glycerol and FFAs; facilitated by hormone sensitive lipase (HSL); promoted by negative energy balance, high glucagon/low insulin, & cortisol/epinephrine release due to stress

A

Lipolysis

21
Q

The metabolization of FFA to 2-carbon units (acetyl CoA), which will combine with oxaloacetate to enter the TCA cycle for ATP production

A

Beta-oxidation

22
Q

What are some consequences of long-term negative energy balance (in terms of energy metabolism)?

A
  • Glycogen reserves quickly deplete
  • Limited breakdown of muscles to provide AA’s for oxidation
  • Oxaloacetate for FA oxidation is limited and depleted long before acetyl CoA is used up
23
Q

Why does the body make ketones, and can they be beneficial?

A

Utilizes and removes unstable acetyl-CoA; can be effectively used as an energy source in moderate amounts when energy requirements are high

24
Q

Why is it bad for ketones to exist in excess?

A

Ketosis will occur, which can lead to neurological signs, decreased appetite, pica, and many other things

25
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary ketosis?

A

Primary = caused by diet too low in carbohydrate
Secondary = caused by the animal being unable to feed due to a disease

26
Q

High concentrations of FFAs in the blood, hypoglycemia, and increased blood ketones are all clinical pathology changes associated with…

A

Ketosis

27
Q

Ketosis can be treated with high quality carbohydrate supply - what are some ways to provide this to a ruminant experiencing ketosis, and also guarantee they are consuming these carbs?

A
  • Fresh forage
  • Molasses in water
  • Transfaunation (to stabilize microbiota and increase appetite)
  • Orogastric feeding of alfalfa gruel
  • Feeding via rumen fistula (severe cases)
28
Q

The process of transferring ruminal fluid via orogastric tube from a healthy cow to a sick cow (with a fistula) to help to stabilize microbiota and increase appetite

A

Transfaunation

29
Q

Why are animals in ketosis often given propylene glycol?

A

It can be metabolized by the liver to propionate to be used as a source of glucose

30
Q

It is important to __________ energy density in a cow’s ration in the last 3 weeks of their dry period, since appetite gradually decreases after calving, in order to prevent ketosis.

A

Increase

31
Q

What can NEFA measurements be used to monitor/measure?

A

Effects of ration changes, intake, and risk of ketosis

32
Q

If more than 40% of cows in a group are exhibiting elevated NEFAs, what are some steps that can be taken to rectify this problem?

(Multiple answers)

A
  • Increase energy density
  • Review BCS in mid-lactation and dry cows
  • Ensure sufficient space per cow
  • Ensure feed is always available
33
Q

In obese, lactating ruminants, there is higher availability of FFAs in the body that can cause saturation of the ketone synthesis pathways. This can cause a condition called…

A

Fatty liver disease

34
Q

In fatty liver disease, hepatocytes esterify FFAs to ____________, which are then stored in the cell until the cytosol is full of fat and cell function is impaired.

A

Triglycerides

35
Q

True or False: Ketosis is a more severe condition than fatty liver disease

A

False; fatty liver disease is more severe than ketosis

36
Q

Pregnancy toxemia is most common in small ruminants when they are pregnant with __________ offspring

A

Multiple

(Pregnancy toxemia also called “twin lamb disease”)

37
Q

True or False: Ketosis is very commonly seen in conjunction with pregnancy toxemia, and this can be fatal to the dam and fetus(es)

A

True

38
Q

Which three diseases associated with negative energy balance share an overall similar pathogenesis?

A
  • Ketosis
  • Fatty liver disease
  • Pregnancy toxemia

Nutrition (17 decks)

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