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Nutrition > Lecture 4 - Macronutrients (LIPIDS) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Macronutrients (LIPIDS) Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty acids linked together to a glycerol backbone

A

Fats (triglyceride)

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2
Q

Cholesterol, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are all examples of…

A

Lipids

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3
Q

Lipids are the most _____________ sources of energy and can be nutritionally beneficial for animals with low appetites

A

Concentrated

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4
Q

Are lipids polar (water soluble) or non-polar (water insoluble)?

A

Non-polar (thus providing a way for water insoluble nutrients to be absorbed)

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5
Q

Fatty acids that are NOT attached to glycerol are called…

A

Free fatty acids or non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)

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6
Q

True or False: Free-fatty acids vary in their number of non-saturated carbon double bonds (C=C), and a higher number of non-saturated bonds means higher fluidity for the structure

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: Free fatty acids are less prone to rancidity and oxidative damage

A

False; they are MORE prone to damage from these factors

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8
Q

Common dietary fatty acids come from (3 main sources)…

A

Animal sources, marine sources (algae and fish), and plant sources

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9
Q

How are fatty acids numbered?

A

Number of carbons, number of double bonds, and double bond location

Example 1: Palmitic acid (16:0)
Example 2: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5) n-3

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10
Q

True or False: While some essential fatty acids can be synthesized by gut microbes, some are required in the diet

A

True

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11
Q

An essential omega-6 fatty acid for dogs and cats that is important for immune function and skin barrier function

A

Linoleic acid

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12
Q

Corn oil, safflower oil, walnut oil, canola oil, and cottonseed oil are all high in which type of fatty acid?

A

Linoleic acid

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13
Q

An essential omega-6 fatty acid in cats which can be metabolized from linoleic acid (inefficient process in cats) and is important for immune function and reproductive success in queens

A

Arachidonic acid

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14
Q

Animal fats, such as chicken and eggs, are high in which type of fatty acid?

A

Arachidonic acid

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15
Q

Essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is plant-based and ensures adequate neuronal function; may be transformed to long chain omega-3 fatty acids in some species (not typically in cats and dogs)

A

Alpha linolenic acid

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16
Q

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids important for neural function and development; comes from marine sources

(2 fatty acids)

A

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)

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17
Q

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all examples of what type of vitamins?

A

Fat soluble vitamins

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18
Q

True or False: Fat soluble vitamins (such as vitamin A, D, E, and K) carry a lower risk for excess

A

False; there is a HIGHER risk for excess in fat soluble vitamins rather than water soluble vitamins

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19
Q

What is the general composition of lipoproteins?

A

Droplets of fats surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids

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20
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

Transportation of hydrophobic lipid molecules n blood plasma or other ECFs

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21
Q

True or False: Small lipoproteins have a higher density

A

True

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22
Q

Triacylglycerols, proteins, and diameter are all factors that determine a lipoprotein’s ___________.

A

Density

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23
Q

True or False: Lipoproteins with more triacylglycerols are lighter in terms of density

A

True

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24
Q

Why are chylomicrons water soluble?

A

They have a phospholipid monolayer

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25
Q

In chylomicrons, non-polar lipids are located on the _________ whereas the water soluble phospholipids are in the _____________.

A

Inside; envelope

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26
Q

Lipoprotein responsible for fat transport from gut to peripheral tissues

A

Chylomicrons

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27
Q

Lipoprotein responsible for delivering lipids from peripheral tissue to liver

A

HDL (high density lipoproteins)

28
Q

Lipoprotein formed when triglycerides are removed from VLDL by lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) and become smaller and denser

A

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

29
Q

Lipoprotein assembled in the liver from triglycerides, cholesterol, and aplipoproteins; transports endogenous products to peripheral tissues

A

VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)

30
Q

What is stage 1 of fat digestion?

A

Fat is emulsified with bile acids

(hydrophobic portion of bile acid interacts with the lipid, while hydrophilic domains remain at the surface)

31
Q

What is stage 2 of fat digestion?

A

Hydrolysis of triglyceride into monoglyceride and free fatty acids by pancreatic lipase

32
Q

Why is stage 1 of fat digestion required before stage 2 can occur?

A

Because pancreatic lipase (PL) is water soluble

33
Q

What is stage 3 of fat digestion?

A

Reformation of triglyceride molecules in the enterocytes (in the small intestines)

34
Q

What is stage 4 of fat digestion?

A

Triglycerides are packaged with phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein (specifically apoprotein B) to create chylomicrons

35
Q

What is stage 5 of fat digestion?

A

Chylomicrons are absorbed through lymphatic vessels in the intestines which drain into the thoracic duct

36
Q

What is stage 6 of fat digestion?

A

Thoracic duct is drained into the jugular vein

37
Q

What is the function of lipoprotein lipase?

A

Breakdown of triglycerides and allow fat absorption in peripheral tissues

38
Q

What happens to chylomicron remnants after fat digestion and absorption is completed?

A

They are transported to the liver

39
Q

_____ and ____ are formed in the liver from triglycerides and cholesterol, and they are transported from the liver to peripheral tissues

A

VLDL; LDL

40
Q

Which type of lipoprotein ends up returning to the liver and is cleared from the bloodstream?

A

LDL

41
Q

Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) are commonly found in…

(Hint: two answers, types of oil)

A

Palm kernel oil and coconut oil

42
Q

How are MCTs primarily absorbed?

A

Through the portal vein system (likely in addition to lymphatic system in dogs and cats)

43
Q

How long are medium chain triglyceride hydrocarbon tails?

A

6 to 12 carbons long

44
Q

Hyperlipidemia, chylothorax, and lymphangiectasia are all disorders of…

A

Lipid absorption

45
Q

The accumulation of lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the pleural space; often idiopathic in nature, but may be linked to heart disease, enlarged thyroid, heartworm disease, and several other pathologies that disrupt chyle flow

A

Chylothorax

(Extra info: reported in dogs and cats, rare in horses)

46
Q

How is chylothorax often diagnosed?

A

PE findings (usually respiratory signs), radiograph changes, analysis of chest fluid via thoracocentesis

47
Q

What are some treatment options for chylothorax?

A
  • Emergency chest tube placement
  • Surgical intervention (i.e. thoracic duct ligation)
  • Low-fat diet (to reduce fluid lipid content, may reabsorb)
  • Nutraceuticals (Rutin - used to stimulate MQs to help break down protein in fluid)
48
Q

Pathological dilation of intestinal lymph vessels; may be the result or cause of another enteropathy; clinical signs include chronic diarrhea, weight loss, protein loss (pleural effusion/low albumin), and low calcium and vit D (seizures/tremors/ataxia/lethargy)

A

Intestinal lymphangiectasia

49
Q

How is intestinal lymphangiectasia diagnosed?

A
  • PE/relevant clinical signs
  • Lab results (low albumin, cholesterol, lymphocytes, and calcium)
  • Endoscopy reveals abnormal intestinal mucosa
  • Intestinal biopsies
50
Q

How is intestinal lymphangiectasia treated?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive drugs
  • Low fat diet (to avoid long chain triglycerides)
  • Careful supplementation with fat soluble vitamins
51
Q

Turbidity in a sample (such as blood plasma or serum) caused by accumulation of lipoprotein particles

A

Lipemia

52
Q

An increase in triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood

A

Hyperlipidemia/hyperlipoproteinemia/dyslipidemia

53
Q

Increased cholesterol in the blood

A

Hypercholesterolemia

54
Q

Increased triglycerides in the blood

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

55
Q

Most common cause for hyperlipidemia; it results in an increase in chylomicrons

A

Eating a meal

(Extra note: also called prandial; the period after eating a meal, when the hyperlipidemia occurs, is post-prandial)

56
Q

What causes primary hyperlipidemia?

A

Genetics/familial causes

57
Q

What causes secondary hyperlipidemia?

A

Disease

(Examples: renal disease, diabetes, Cushing’s disease, hypothyroidism, neg energy balance in overweight animals)

58
Q

A rare recessive autosomal disorder in cats resulting from reduced LPL

A

Inherited Fasting Hyperchylomicroanemia (Primary Hyperlipidemia)

59
Q

True or False: In terms of hyperlipidemia in dogs, lipoprotein accumulation differs depending on the breed of dog

A

True

(Example: mini schnauzers tend to have increased VLDL or VLDL and chylomicrons)

60
Q

True or False: Clinical signs and therapy approaches for primary hyperlipidemia differ according to the type of lipoproteins involved

A

False; clinical signs and therapy approaches are the same regardless of the type of lipoproteins involved

61
Q

Pancreatitis, dystrophic changes, insulin resistance, hepatobiliary disease, and seizures are all clinical signs for…

A

Primary hyperlipidemia (in dogs)

62
Q

How is primary hyperlipidemia in dogs diagnosed?

A
  • Elevated serum triglycerides and cholesterol
  • Moderate hypertriglyceridemia may be suspected
63
Q

What must be ruled out before officially diagnosing a dog with primary hyperlipidemia?

A
  • Check if the dog has recently eaten (must be fasted prior to bloodwork)
  • Underlying metabolic disease
64
Q

Low fat diet, long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA), fibrates, niacin, and statins (HMG-CoA reductive inhibitors) are all possible treatment options for…

A

Primary hyperlipidemia (in dogs)

65
Q

What is the most efficient way to treat secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs?

A

Treat the underlying condition causing the hyperlipidemia

66
Q

What are some of the most common causes of secondary hyperlipidemia in ponies?

A

Stress, gestation, disease

67
Q

A condition resulting from lipid accumulation in the liver as a result of them being mobilized there as an energy source

A

Hepatic lipidosis

Nutrition (17 decks)

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