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Equine Medicine and Surgery > Lecture 9: Equine Clinical Parasitology > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Equine Clinical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of worms are the following: P. Equorum, S. Westeri, strongyles, O. Equi, O. Cervicalis, S. Equine, H. Muscae, D. Megastoma, gasterophilus, T. Lacrymalis, D. Arnfieldi

A

Nematodes- roundworms

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2
Q

What type of worm is A. Perfoliata

A

Cestode- tapeworm

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3
Q

What type of worm is F. Hepatica

A

Trematode- fluke

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4
Q

What is the mechanism for bendimidazoles

A

Act upon fumarate reductose to interfere with carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

What are some examples of bendimidazoles

A

Fenbendazole, oxibendazole

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6
Q

What is the mechanism for macrocyclic lactose’s

A

Increase cell permeability to Cl- resulting in flaccid paralysis and death

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7
Q

What are some examples of macrocyclic lactones

A

Ivermectin, moxidectin

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8
Q

Why do you need to be careful with moxidectin

A

Very low therapeutic range

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9
Q

What is the mechanism for tetrahydropyrimidines

A

Cholinergic agonist

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10
Q

What are some examples of tetrhydripyrimidines

A

Pyrantel pamoate paste, pyrantel tartrate daily

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11
Q

What is the mechanism for praziquantel

A

Induces spastic paralysis possibly via calcium channels, disrupts regimental

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12
Q

Praziquantel is formulated with what other drug class

A

Macrocyclic lactones

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13
Q

What parasites have widespread resistance to bendimidazoles (oxibendazole, fenbendazole)

A

Cyasthostomes- small strongyles

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14
Q

What parasite shows early indications for resistance against bendimidazoles (oxibendazole, fenbendazole)

A

P. Equorum

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15
Q

What parasites is it common to see resistance against pyrimidines

A

Cyasthostomes- small strongyles

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16
Q

What parasite shows early indications for resistance against pyrimidines

A

P. Equorum

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17
Q

What class of parasites show early indications for resistance against macrocyclic lactones

A

Cyasthostomes- small stronglyes

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18
Q

What parasite shows widespread resistance to macrocyclic lactones

A

P. Equorum

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19
Q

P. Equorum is a primary concern in what age group

A

Foals up to 6 months

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20
Q

What horses might have patent infections with P. Equorum

A

Adults, especially broodmares

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21
Q

What is the pathway of infection and migration for P. Equorum

A

Embryonated egg is infectious and hatches in stomach and SI

Migrates to lungs and liver

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22
Q

What is the clinical syndrome for P. Equorum

A

Intestinal impaction and rupture

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23
Q

What is the first line of defense against P. Equorum

A

Bendimidazoles (oxibendazole, fenbendazole)

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24
Q

What age group does S. Westeri typically inhabit

A

SI of nursing foals

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25
Q

What are the three routes of infection for S. Westeri

A
  1. Skin penetration via L3
  2. Ingestion
  3. Lactogenic transmission from mare
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26
Q

What can be done to prevent S. Westeri in foals

A

Deworm mare prior to foaling

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27
Q

Foals with S. Westeri are often asymptomatic but high egg counts can cause ___

A

Diarrhea

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28
Q

What anthelmintics should be used to tx S. Westeri

A

Bendimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones

29
Q

What is the recommended deworming schedule for foals from 8 weeks to 12 months

A

8-12 weeks: bendimidazoles

Just prior to weaning (4-6 months): FEC to determine ascarid/strongyle burden

9 months: strongyles and tapeworms (ivermectin and praziquantel)

12 months: strongyles

30
Q

What is the most clinically significant large strongyle

A

S. Vulgarus

31
Q

What is the clinical syndrome associated with large strongyles/ S. Vulgarus

A

Verminous arteriosus
L3 damage from migration and associated inflammation
L4 migrates to arterioles and migrates to cranial mesenteric artery

Results in thrombosis and infarction of intestines results in colic

32
Q

What anthelmintic should be used to tx large strongyles/ S. Vulgarus

A

Macrocyclic lactones

33
Q

What are small strongyles also called

A

Cyasthostomes

34
Q

Small stronglyes are very resistant to ___ and ___

A

Freezing and desiccation

35
Q

What is the clinical syndrome associated with small strongyles

A

Larval cyathostominosis
Synchronous emergence of L4 larvae resulting in diarrhea, hypoproteinemia

36
Q

Fatality rates for small strongyles are up to __%

A

50%

37
Q

What anthelmintic should be used to tx small strongyles

A

Moxidectin, panacur powerpack, daily strongid tablet

38
Q

What is the most clinically significant tapeworm

A

A. Perfoliata

39
Q

What can tapeworms/ A. Perfoliata cause

A

Ulceration and inflammation, colic, intussusceptions, ruptures

40
Q

What anthelmintic should be used to tx tapeworms/ A. Perfoliata

A

Praziquantel

41
Q

How does O. Equi infect/ cause clinical signs

A

Adults reside in descending colon and rectum and eggs laid perianally- horses become itchy

42
Q

What anthelmintic should be used to tx O. Equi

A

Ivermectin

43
Q

How is Onchocera cervicalis and steria equina transmitted

A

Bloodsucking arthropods

44
Q

What is the preferred site for onchocera cervicalis

A

Connective tissue- nuchal ligament

45
Q

What is the preferred site for setaria

A

Abdominal cavity

46
Q

What does Onchocera result in/ what clinically

A

Verminous dermatitis, pruritic on ventral midline and face

Can also migrate to palpebral corneal, and conjunctival structures resulting in uveitis and keratoconjunctivitis

47
Q

What is the anthelmintic to tx O. Cervicalis and S. Equina

A

Macrocyclic lactones

48
Q

Habronema spp and Draschia spp are also known as ___

A

Stomach worms

49
Q

How is Habromena spp and Draschia spp transmited

A

Muscid flies

50
Q

What does Habronema spp and Draschia spp result in

A

Infect wounds and mucocutaneous junctions resulting in massive inflammatory reaction in host—> Eosinophilic granulomatous, sulfur granules

51
Q

How to you tx inflammatory reactions to Habronema spp and Draschia spp

A

Oral or intralesional steroids or surgical excision

52
Q

What anthelmintic is used to tx Habronema spp, Draschia spp

A

Macrocyclic lactones

53
Q

How does Gasterophilus spp infect/ cause clinical signs

A

Larvae spend winter in GI tract, passed in manure, eggs laid on hair coat and horses infected by licking themselves or other horses

Lesions in oral cavity and stomach

54
Q

What anthelmintic is used to tx gasterophilus

A

Macrocyclic lactones

55
Q

What is Thelazia lacrymalis also known as

A

Eyeworm

56
Q

How is T. Lacrymalis transmitted

A

Muscid flies

57
Q

What does T. Lacrymalis result in

A

Inflammation of Lacrimal glands

58
Q

What is the anthelmintic to tx T. Lacrymalis

A

Bendimidazoles

59
Q

Who is the natural reservoir for Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

A

Donkeys and mules- infect horses if cohabitated

60
Q

How does D. Arnfieldi do damage/ show clinical signs

A

L4 in mesenteric LN and L5 in bronchioles.

Eggs laid in bronchi transported to pharynx via mucociliary elevator, eggs swallowed and passed in manure

61
Q

What dx test can we do for D. Arnfieldi

A

Baermann test

62
Q

What anthelmintic is used to tx D. Arnfieldi

A

Macrocyclic lactones

63
Q

What drugs are used to tx F. Hepatica

A

Triclabendazole and albendazole

64
Q

What is the approach to individualized parasite control in horses

A
  1. FEC- basis of adult plan, 200EPG threshold for tx
  2. FECRT- just prior to tx and 10-14 days after, below 90% means some resistance
65
Q

Horses with ___may require more intensive parasite management

A

PPID

66
Q

What is the EPG threshold for tx

A

200

67
Q

What are the diagnostics commonly used for parasites

A

McMaster FEC, fecal floats

68
Q

These eggs are common on fecal float or McMasters, identify 1-3

A
  1. P. Equorum
  2. O. Equi
  3. Strongyle type

Equine Medicine and Surgery (9 decks)

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