Lecture 26: Equine Urogenital Tract- sx conditions Flashcards
Ruptured bladder in foals usually occur in males or females at birth
Males
During a ruptured bladder, ___can rupture
Urachus
Clinical signs for ruptured bladder in __day of life, what are some signs
2-4 days
Dull/depressed, abdominal distention, ballotment wave, urine dribbling
What are some diagnostic results consistent with rupture bladder
Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, bradycardia, elevated creatinine, ultrasound-clear fluid
What is medical tx for ruptured bladder
- Correct electrolytes first- fluids without K+ (saline)
- Drain abdomen while giving fluids
What is the sx repair of the ruptured bladder
Urachus resection and repair, close with continuous double layer inverting
What suture pattern do you use to close bladder
Continuous double layer inverting
Don’t ___when suturing bladder
Penetrate lumen
Cryptorchidism occurs when the testes fail to go through ___into ___
Inguinal canal, scrotum
What is the most prevalent, non-lethal development defect of horses
Cryptorchidism
If you can’t find a Cryptorchid testicle you do not __
Remove descended tesicle
___cryptorchids are fertile with reduced sperm production, __are infertile
Unilateral, bilateral
What is a complete abdominal cryptorchid
Both testes and epididymis retained in abdominal cavity
What is a partial/ incomplete abdominal Cryptorchid
Epididymis descended but not testes
What is an inguinal cryptorchid
Testes in inguinal canal, high flanker
What is the best test to run for suspected cryptorchid and what would results look like
AMH, very high in cryptorchids and normal stallions, low in geldings
How do you run a testosterone level test for cryptorchids
HCG stimulation tests, requires 2 spaced samples
What is a inguinal/scrotal hernia
Intestine usually ileum or distal jejunum through vaginal ring into inguinal canal and potentially into scrotum
How do you tx foal with inguinal/scrotal hernia
Reduce it several times a day if doesn’t work sx repair
Foal or adult inguinal/scrotal hernia: acquired, non-reducible, strangulating lesion, sx emergency
Adult
What occurs during torsion of spermatic cord
Testicular artery and vein twist causing congestion, edema and potentially testicular infarction
How does a horse present with testicular torsion >360 degrees
Acute pain, colic signs, enlargement of affected testicle and cord
Usually requires sx and remove testis
What is a hydrocele
Fluid accumulation between visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic due to vaginal tunic secreting fluid at greater rate than absorbed by lymphatics
What is a common cause of hydrocele
castration, looks like testicle is there
What is a hematocele
Collection of blood between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics
What is a varicocele
Distended and tortuous pampiniform plexus, feels like “bag of worms”
What is paraphimosis
Inability to retract penis
What usually causes paraphimosis
Preputial edema secondary to genital trauma
What viruses can cause paraphimosis
EHV-1 and rabies
What drug should you not give to stallions due to paraphimosis
ace
What is phimosis
Inability to protrude penis
What is priapism and what is cause
Persistent erection without sexual excitement, failure of detumesce d/t phenothiazine tranquilizers
Are uroliths more common in males or females
Males
What is the classic sign of uroliths
Hematuria after exercise, stranguira
How do you dx uroliths
Rectal palpation
How do you tx sabulous cysts
Dissolve in 0.25% acetic acid and rectal mixing, aspirate/suction out
T or F: prevention methods for uroliths work
No
What is pneumovagina
Poor perianal conformation that leads to aspiration of air and feces into vagina. Anus sinks into pelvic canal causing dorsal commiseration of vulva
What can cause pneumovagina
Foaling trauma, poor body condition
T or F: pneumovagina can cause infertility
True
What procedure is used to tx pneumovagina
Caslick procedure- suture labia together to the level of the ventral border of the ischial arch, form seal to prevent aspiration
You have __minutes to get a live foal out in dystocia
20
What causing perineal laceration during foaling
Foals foot goes through mares rectum
What mares more commonly get perineal lacerations
Primiparous (1st foal) mares, especially during unassisted foaling
You have to suture close perineal laceration but wait __days or won’t hold
60-90 days
Cervical injuries are more likely to occur during __ or if ___ was performed
Dystocia, fetotomy
Mares that have a dystocia should have cervix examined ___days post partum
21 days
Signs of uterine tears
Depression, fever, mild colic tachycardia, excessive peritoneal fluid on ultrasound
Mares with uterine torsion present with signs of ___ and usually occurs during last __ of gestation
Colic, 2 months
How is uterine torsion dx
Rectal palpation
What is felt on rectal palpation for uterine torsion
Taut broad ligament band
What medical and sx treatments can be done for uterine torsion
- Rolling under anesthesia
- Standing flank laparotomy
- Ventral midline celitomy
Uterine prolapse tends to occur more frequently after __ when ___ are retained
Dystocia, fetal membranes
T or F: uterine prolapse is true emergency
True
What are some risk factors for uterine prolapse
Tension on placenta, lots of oxytocin
What is periparturient hemorrhage
Hemorrhage from one of arteries supplying reproductive tract, usually uterine artery
What is the most common cause of death in postpartum mares
Peripatrurient hemorrhag
What mares are more likely to get periparturient hemorrhage
Older >15yrs, multiprimparous >8 foals
How do you dx periparturient hemorrhage
Fluctant mass (hematoma) in broad ligament
What is the most common ovarian tumor
Granulosa cell tumor
What signs do mares have with ovarian tumor
anestrus or estrus, stallion like behavior
How is granulosa cell tumor dx
1.ovary enlarged on rectal exam and contralateral ovary small and inactive
2. AMH >4ng/ml
