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Equine Medicine and Surgery > Lecture 26: Equine Urogenital Tract- sx conditions > Flashcards

Lecture 26: Equine Urogenital Tract- sx conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Ruptured bladder in foals usually occur in males or females at birth

A

Males

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2
Q

During a ruptured bladder, ___can rupture

A

Urachus

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3
Q

Clinical signs for ruptured bladder in __day of life, what are some signs

A

2-4 days
Dull/depressed, abdominal distention, ballotment wave, urine dribbling

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4
Q

What are some diagnostic results consistent with rupture bladder

A

Hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia, bradycardia, elevated creatinine, ultrasound-clear fluid

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5
Q

What is medical tx for ruptured bladder

A
  1. Correct electrolytes first- fluids without K+ (saline)
  2. Drain abdomen while giving fluids
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6
Q

What is the sx repair of the ruptured bladder

A

Urachus resection and repair, close with continuous double layer inverting

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7
Q

What suture pattern do you use to close bladder

A

Continuous double layer inverting

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8
Q

Don’t ___when suturing bladder

A

Penetrate lumen

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9
Q

Cryptorchidism occurs when the testes fail to go through ___into ___

A

Inguinal canal, scrotum

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10
Q

What is the most prevalent, non-lethal development defect of horses

A

Cryptorchidism

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11
Q

If you can’t find a Cryptorchid testicle you do not __

A

Remove descended tesicle

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12
Q

___cryptorchids are fertile with reduced sperm production, __are infertile

A

Unilateral, bilateral

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13
Q

What is a complete abdominal cryptorchid

A

Both testes and epididymis retained in abdominal cavity

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14
Q

What is a partial/ incomplete abdominal Cryptorchid

A

Epididymis descended but not testes

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15
Q

What is an inguinal cryptorchid

A

Testes in inguinal canal, high flanker

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16
Q

What is the best test to run for suspected cryptorchid and what would results look like

A

AMH, very high in cryptorchids and normal stallions, low in geldings

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17
Q

How do you run a testosterone level test for cryptorchids

A

HCG stimulation tests, requires 2 spaced samples

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18
Q

What is a inguinal/scrotal hernia

A

Intestine usually ileum or distal jejunum through vaginal ring into inguinal canal and potentially into scrotum

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19
Q

How do you tx foal with inguinal/scrotal hernia

A

Reduce it several times a day if doesn’t work sx repair

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20
Q

Foal or adult inguinal/scrotal hernia: acquired, non-reducible, strangulating lesion, sx emergency

A

Adult

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21
Q

What occurs during torsion of spermatic cord

A

Testicular artery and vein twist causing congestion, edema and potentially testicular infarction

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22
Q

How does a horse present with testicular torsion >360 degrees

A

Acute pain, colic signs, enlargement of affected testicle and cord

Usually requires sx and remove testis

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23
Q

What is a hydrocele

A

Fluid accumulation between visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic due to vaginal tunic secreting fluid at greater rate than absorbed by lymphatics

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24
Q

What is a common cause of hydrocele

A

castration, looks like testicle is there

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25
Q

What is a hematocele

A

Collection of blood between visceral and parietal vaginal tunics

26
Q

What is a varicocele

A

Distended and tortuous pampiniform plexus, feels like “bag of worms”

27
Q

What is paraphimosis

A

Inability to retract penis

28
Q

What usually causes paraphimosis

A

Preputial edema secondary to genital trauma

29
Q

What viruses can cause paraphimosis

A

EHV-1 and rabies

30
Q

What drug should you not give to stallions due to paraphimosis

A

ace

31
Q

What is phimosis

A

Inability to protrude penis

32
Q

What is priapism and what is cause

A

Persistent erection without sexual excitement, failure of detumesce d/t phenothiazine tranquilizers

33
Q

Are uroliths more common in males or females

A

Males

34
Q

What is the classic sign of uroliths

A

Hematuria after exercise, stranguira

35
Q

How do you dx uroliths

A

Rectal palpation

36
Q

How do you tx sabulous cysts

A

Dissolve in 0.25% acetic acid and rectal mixing, aspirate/suction out

37
Q

T or F: prevention methods for uroliths work

A

No

38
Q

What is pneumovagina

A

Poor perianal conformation that leads to aspiration of air and feces into vagina. Anus sinks into pelvic canal causing dorsal commiseration of vulva

39
Q

What can cause pneumovagina

A

Foaling trauma, poor body condition

40
Q

T or F: pneumovagina can cause infertility

A

True

41
Q

What procedure is used to tx pneumovagina

A

Caslick procedure- suture labia together to the level of the ventral border of the ischial arch, form seal to prevent aspiration

42
Q

You have __minutes to get a live foal out in dystocia

A

20

43
Q

What causing perineal laceration during foaling

A

Foals foot goes through mares rectum

44
Q

What mares more commonly get perineal lacerations

A

Primiparous (1st foal) mares, especially during unassisted foaling

45
Q

You have to suture close perineal laceration but wait __days or won’t hold

A

60-90 days

46
Q

Cervical injuries are more likely to occur during __ or if ___ was performed

A

Dystocia, fetotomy

47
Q

Mares that have a dystocia should have cervix examined ___days post partum

A

21 days

48
Q

Signs of uterine tears

A

Depression, fever, mild colic tachycardia, excessive peritoneal fluid on ultrasound

49
Q

Mares with uterine torsion present with signs of ___ and usually occurs during last __ of gestation

A

Colic, 2 months

50
Q

How is uterine torsion dx

A

Rectal palpation

51
Q

What is felt on rectal palpation for uterine torsion

A

Taut broad ligament band

52
Q

What medical and sx treatments can be done for uterine torsion

A
  1. Rolling under anesthesia
  2. Standing flank laparotomy
  3. Ventral midline celitomy
53
Q

Uterine prolapse tends to occur more frequently after __ when ___ are retained

A

Dystocia, fetal membranes

54
Q

T or F: uterine prolapse is true emergency

A

True

55
Q

What are some risk factors for uterine prolapse

A

Tension on placenta, lots of oxytocin

56
Q

What is periparturient hemorrhage

A

Hemorrhage from one of arteries supplying reproductive tract, usually uterine artery

57
Q

What is the most common cause of death in postpartum mares

A

Peripatrurient hemorrhag

58
Q

What mares are more likely to get periparturient hemorrhage

A

Older >15yrs, multiprimparous >8 foals

59
Q

How do you dx periparturient hemorrhage

A

Fluctant mass (hematoma) in broad ligament

60
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor

A

Granulosa cell tumor

61
Q

What signs do mares have with ovarian tumor

A

anestrus or estrus, stallion like behavior

62
Q

How is granulosa cell tumor dx

A

1.ovary enlarged on rectal exam and contralateral ovary small and inactive
2. AMH >4ng/ml

Equine Medicine and Surgery (27 decks)

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