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Equine Medicine and Surgery > Lecture 24: Lower Respiratory disease: viral, fungal, verminous > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Lower Respiratory disease: viral, fungal, verminous Flashcards

1
Q

What is EHV-1 and what does it cause

A

Alpha herpes virus, causes respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortion storms/weak foals, and chorioretinopathy

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2
Q

What is EHV-4 and what does it cause

A

Alpha herpes virus, causes respiratory disease, rarely associated with abortion and neurological disease

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3
Q

How is EHV-1 and 4 spread

A

Respiratory route- direct and indirect contact with nasal secretions, aerosolized droplets

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4
Q

Herpesviruses establish __infection and majority of horses become ___

A

Latent, asymptomatic carriers

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5
Q

Essentially every horse has ___ and is reactivated by ___

A

Herpes, stress

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6
Q

EHV survives in environment for __days, max __days

A

7, 35

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7
Q

EHV is easily inactivated by __ and ___

A

Heat and disinfectants

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8
Q

EHV can fly __ft

A

35 ft

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9
Q

What herpesvirus is more likely to cause respiratory disease

A

1

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10
Q

What are some signs of respiratory disease caused by EHV

A

depression, nasal discharge, anorexia, biphasic fever, secondary bacterial infection

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11
Q

Which herpesvirus is more likely to cause abortion and when do they abort

A

1, abort in last trimester

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12
Q

When do you vaccinate pregnant mares for EHV

A

5,7, 9 months

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13
Q

What herpesvirus causes neurological disease

A

4

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14
Q

T or F: you should avoid testing healthy horses for EHV because all horses have herpes

A

True

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15
Q

What is the test of choice for EHV and why

A

PCR of nasal swabs and whole blood
Fast results, distinguish between neuropathic vs non-neuropathic

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16
Q

Virus isolation and serum titers are not as effective in dx EHV because they take

A

Weeks

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17
Q

What is tx for EHV

A

Supportive care, isolation
Clenbuterol: b2 agonist initiates mucociliary clearance

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18
Q

What are the primary indications for EHV vaccines

A

Prevent abortion, decrease respiratory signs, duration and shedding

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19
Q

EHV vaccines not do what

A

Block infection, development of viremia and establishment of latency

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20
Q

Horses exposed to EHV can have immunity for __-___ months

A

3-6 months

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21
Q

When should you give booster vaccine for horse exposed to EHV

A

6 months after disease

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22
Q

Vaccines for EHV are only licensed for protection against

A

Respiratory disease and abortion

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23
Q

Viral shedding of EHV is reduced in horses with ___ and been vaccinated with ___

A

High circulating titers of virus neutralizing antibodies and vaccinated with Rhinomune MLV vaccine

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24
Q

What EHV vaccine has high antigenic mass and marketed for prevention of abortion, and stimulates highest levels of VN antibody

A

Calvenza

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25
Q

What influenza do horses get

A

Orthomyxovirus highly contagious type A, all H3N8

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26
Q

What is the morbidity of Equine influenza in naive vs exposed/vaccinated herds

A

Naive: 60-90%
Exposed/vaccinated: 20-37%

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27
Q

What is the mortality rate of Equine influenza

A

1-20%

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28
Q

How is is equine influenza transmitted

A

Direct horse to horse contact, droplets from coughing, airborne

29
Q

Spread of Equine influenza is enhanced by __

A

Short incubation period, fever and shedding in 48hrs

30
Q

Equine influenza can survive in water for ___hrs and dry environments for __hrs

A

72, 48

31
Q

What is the pathogensis of equine influenza

A

Damages respiratory epithelial cells of trachea and bronchial tree, impairing mucocilary clearance leading to secondary bacterial infection

32
Q

In uncomplicated cases of equine influenza the trachea epithelium regenerates in __weeks

A

3

33
Q

Damage from equine influenza predisposes horses to __ and __

A

RAO, EIPH

34
Q

Natural infection with equine influenza can provide immunity for __-

A

Year

35
Q

What are some clinical findings of equine influenza

A

Fever, anorexia, depression, serous to mucopurlent nasal discharge, paroxysmal cough

36
Q

Signs of Equine influenza resolve in __ days, coughing can persist for __ days

A

7-14, 21 days

37
Q

What can you use to dx equine influenza

A

Nasopharyngeal lavage- PCR, ELISA

38
Q

What is tx for equine influenza

A
  1. NSAIDS for fever
  2. Antibiotics for secondary pneumonia
  3. Rest: 1 week for every day of fever or 2-3 months
39
Q

What is the primary opportunistic bacterial infection associated with equine influenza

A

Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus

40
Q

What modified live vaccine can you give for equine influenza

A

FluAvert IN single dose protective after 7 days, IgA

41
Q

What multicomponent vaccines can you give for equine influenza

A

Calvenza, innovator, prestige

42
Q

What kind of viruses are picornaviruses

A

Rhinitis type A and B

43
Q

How is equine viral arteritis transmitted

A

respiratory or venereal

44
Q

Equine viral arteritis spread to ___, then ___ causing __ and __

A

Lymph nodes, vascular endothelium causing vasculitis and conjunctivitis

45
Q

Who is the persistently infected carrier and source of equine viral arteritis

A

Stallion

46
Q

What are some signs of equine viral arteritis

A

Respiratory signs, leukopenia, fever, depression, anorexia, peripheral edema, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, hives, abortion

47
Q

Stallions may experience __with equine viral arteritis

A

Transient infertility

48
Q

Only option for stallions with equine viral arteritis is to breed __ or ___

A

Vaccinated mares or castrate

49
Q

How do you dx equine viral arteritis

A

Serology 21-28 days apart
Virus isolation of nasopharyngeal swabs, blood, ejaculate

50
Q

How do you prevent equine viral arteritis

A

Vaccinate mares or vaccinate stallions after confirming negative tiger

51
Q

What part of valley fever is highly contagious, zoonotic and can cause fungal pneumonia in horses (rare)

A

Arthoconidia

52
Q

What are the clinical findings with valley fever

A

Respiratory, pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, mastitis, abortion, osteomyelitis

53
Q

How is valley fever spread in body

A

Lymphohematogenous

54
Q

How do you dx valley fever

A
  1. Cytology showing spherules- TTW, biopsy, aspirate
  2. Serology- antigen coated latex agglutination
55
Q

__on antigen coated latex agglutination for valley fever is consistent with infection

A

1:16

56
Q

Who does C. Gatii cause fungal pneumonia in

A

Immunocompetent individuals

57
Q

Who does C. Neoformans cause fungal pneumonia in

A

Immunocompromised

58
Q

What is the mechanism of action of azoles

A

Interferes with ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell walls

59
Q

What azoles are used to tx fungal pneumonia in horses

A

Fluconazole and itraconazole

60
Q

What azole is poorly absorbed in horses

A

Ketoconazole

61
Q

What is an negative affect of azoles

A

Hepatotocity

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of polyenes

A

Interact with ergosterol in fungal cell membrane

63
Q

What Polyene is used to tx fungal pneumonia in horses and what is adverse effect

A

Amphotericin B, nephrotoxicity

64
Q

What worm typically caused verminous pneumonia in weanlings/yearlings

A

P. Equorum

65
Q

What lungworm typically causes cough and bronchopneumonia in horses/ponies

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

66
Q

Who is the natural host for D. Arnfieldi

A

Donkeys

67
Q

What are some clinical signs of verminous pneumonia

A

Chronic cough, mucopurulent nasal discharge, crackles, wheezes, poor response to antibiotics

68
Q

Ho can you dx verminous pneumonia

A

TTW with abundant eosinophils
Fecal in donkeys

Equine Medicine and Surgery (27 decks)

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