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Equine Medicine and Surgery > Lecture 4: Equine Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Equine Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is function of stomach

A

Enzymatic breakdown

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2
Q

What is function of SI

A

Digest rapidly available carbohydrates and readily accessible protein

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3
Q

Where do horses obtain most of their protein

A

Directly from food during digestion in foregut

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4
Q

What is the function of the cecum

A

Some carbohydrates and proteins in the cell wall of plants will escape digestion in SI and move to hindgut for fermentation.

Where cellulose is broken down

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5
Q

What is the function of the colon

A

Reabsorption water and some further fermentation

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6
Q

Are horses foregut or hindgut fermenters

A

Hindgut

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7
Q

Where does microbial fermentation occur and what does it allow for

A

Occurs in cecum and colon and allows horses to breakdown cellulose

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8
Q

Fermentation in hindgut produces __, ___, and ___ which are absorbed through intestinal wall

A

CO2, methane, and VFA’s

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9
Q

What is used for glucose production

A

Propionate

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10
Q

__ is converted to acetyl CoA and used for immediate energy or for fat synthesis

A

Acetate

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11
Q

Butyrate is also converted to ___

A

Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

Hindgut digestion is largely ___ and not ___ as in foregut

A

Microbial, enzymatic

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13
Q

What are some disadvantages relative to ruminants

A
  1. Less efficient
  2. Less dietary nutrients entering hindgut so less microbial growth
  3. Passage through hindgut is rapid so less fermentation
  4. Less efficient at absorbing vitamins and proteins
  5. Protein present in microbes is not digestible and thus lost
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14
Q

What % of BW should horses consume in water

A

5%

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15
Q

How many gallons per day should horse drink

A

7 gallons

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16
Q

How much feed should horse get

A

1.5-3% BW or 15-30lbs

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17
Q

What is main energy source in food

A

Carbohydrates

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18
Q

How much protein should horses eat/day

A

550-1000 grams, 12% dry matter

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19
Q

Deficiency in protein can result in __ and ___

A

Potbelly and poor top line

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20
Q

VFA’s absorbed from hindgut provide about __% of energy requirements

A

30%

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21
Q

How much vitamin A should horse have

A

15,000-22,000 IU

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22
Q

What is vitamin A important for

A

Night vision, reproduction and immune response

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23
Q

Vitamin A toxicity results in what

A

Bone fragility and tetratogenesis

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24
Q

How much Vitamin D should horses have

A

3000 IU

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25
Q

What is Vitamin D important for

A

Calcium homeostasis

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26
Q

Deficiency in vitamin D can result in what

A

Rickets

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27
Q

Vitamin D toxicity can result in

A

Soft tissue mineralization

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28
Q

How much vitamin E should horses have

A

500-1000 IU

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29
Q

What is the main important function of vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

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30
Q

How much thiamine should horses have

A

30-60mg

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31
Q

What is thiamine important for

A

Carbohydrate metabolism and ATP production

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32
Q

Deficiency in thiamine can cause

A

Ataxia

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33
Q

How much riboflavin should horses have

A

20-50mg

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34
Q

What is riboflavin important for

A

ATP synthesis

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35
Q

What macromineral is important in nearly every pathway

A

Calcium

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36
Q

Calcium must be in a 2:1 ratio with ___

A

Phosphorus

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37
Q

How much calcium should horses have

A

20-40 grams

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38
Q

What is phosphorus important for

A

ADP/ATP production

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39
Q

How much phosphorus should horses have

A

14-20 grams

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40
Q

What is magnesium important for

A

Enzyme and muscle contraction

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41
Q

How much magnesium should horses have

A

7.5-15 grams

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42
Q

What is potassium important for

A

Cellular regulation/AP

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43
Q

How much potassium should horses have

A

25-50 grams

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44
Q

What is sodium important for

A

Cellular regulation/AP

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45
Q

How much sodium should a horse have

A

10-40 grams

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46
Q

What is chlorine important for

A

Acid-base and osmotic regulation

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47
Q

How much chlorine should horses have

A

40-90 grams

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48
Q

What is sulfur important for

A

Amino acid formation

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49
Q

How much sulfur should horses have

A

15-18 grams

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50
Q

What is selenium important for

A

Needed for glutathione peroxidase and thyroid hormone metabolism

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51
Q

How much selenium should horses get

A

1-3mg

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52
Q

What is zinc important for

A

Component of many enzymes

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53
Q

How much zinc should horses get

A

400mg

54
Q

What is copper important for

A

Enzymes, connective tissue, mobilization of iron stores

55
Q

How much copper should horses get

A

100mg

56
Q

What is iodine important for

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormone

57
Q

How much iodine should horses get

A

3.5-4.4mg

58
Q

What is cobalt important for

A

Cecil and colonic microflora need cobalt to synthesis vitamin B12

59
Q

How much cobalt should horses get

A

0.5mg

60
Q

How much iron should horses get

A

400-500mg

61
Q

What is iron important for

A

Myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochromes

62
Q

How much manganese should horses get

A

400-500mg

63
Q

What is manganese important for

A

Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

64
Q

What microminerals are often deficient in many American pastures/hay

A

Selenium, zinc, copper

65
Q

How much dry matter should make up horses diet

A

90-93%

66
Q

What is neutral detergent fiber

A

Includes indigestible lignin and fermentable fibers

67
Q

What is acid detergent fiber

A

Estimate of poorly digestible fiber portion-;Ig in and cellulose

68
Q

How much acid detergent fiber should make up horse diet

A

25-30%

69
Q

If ADF is in low ___ it might be insufficient indigestible fiber for hindgut health and if > ___ would be bad

A

Low 20’s, greater than 45%

70
Q

What are water soluble carbohydrates

A

Sugars and all fruit ans

71
Q

What are ethanol soluble carbohydrates

A

Includes sugars and short chain fructans

72
Q
A
73
Q

T or F: entire diet can be complete pelleted diets no need for additional forage

A

True

74
Q

What are some examples of complete pelleted diets

A

Senior feed, Estrella Larkin life, alfalfa, beet pulp

75
Q

T or F: ration balances must be fed wit forage

A

True

76
Q

What is a ration balancer

A

Vitamin/mineral supplement combined with protein and fat formulated at 1-1.5lbs daily

77
Q

What are some examples of ration balances

A

Purina enrich or omega match, Kentucky equine research all phase

78
Q

What is a good light work concentration

A

Safe choice

79
Q

What is a good moderate work concentrate

A

Purine strategy, omelene 200

80
Q

What is a good intense activity concentrate

A

Purina ultium or nutrena perform

81
Q

T or F: grains must be fed with forage and add calories only

A

True

82
Q

What is the maintenance requirement for calories

A

30-35kcal DE/kg

83
Q

Fiber fills ___% BW daily so for 1000lb horse how much is minimum intake

A

1.5%, 7.5kg or 16.5lbs

84
Q

What is gestation length for mare

A

11 months

85
Q

What are the maintenance calories for mare < 5months pregnant

A

30-35kcal/kg/day

86
Q

What are the maintenance calories for mare > 5months pregnant

A

66kcal/kg/day

87
Q

What % BW is mare expected to gain during gestation

A

12-15%

88
Q

What % BW gained in pregnant mare is foal vs fluid

A

9.7% is foal, rest is placenta/fluid

89
Q

__ restriction during last 90 days resulted in normal foals, longer gestation

A

Energy

90
Q

What are the maintenance calories for lactating mare

A

36kcal DE/kg

91
Q

What is average milk production

A

2.3-3.8 k milk/100kg BW

92
Q

What is the energy content of milk

A

450-580 kcal/kg

93
Q

What are the nutritional needs for a 6 month old foal (45% of adult weight)

A

210 kcal/kg

94
Q

What are the nutritional needs of 1 year old foal (65% of adult weight)

A

151 kcal/kg

95
Q

What are the nutritional needs of a 18 month old foal (78% of adult weight)

A

151 kcal/kg

96
Q

What are the nutritional needs of 2year old foal/adult

A

30-35 kcal/kg

97
Q

What are the nutritional needs of light working horse (1-3hrs/week)

A

40kcal DE/kg

98
Q

What are the nutritional needs of moderate working horse (3.5hrs/week)

A

46kcal DE/kg

99
Q

What are the nutritional needs of heavy working horse (4-5hrs/week)

A

53kcal DE/kg

100
Q

What are the nutritional needs of very heavy working horse( 1 hour speed work or 6-12 hrs/week)

A

63kcal DE/kg

101
Q

What are some common diseases caused by inappropriate nutrition

A

Vitamin E deficiency, selenium deficiency, nutritional hyperparathyroidism

102
Q

What are some common diseases treated with nutrition

A

Insulin dysregulation, HYP, PSSM

103
Q

What are some diseases caused by vitamin E deficiency

A
  1. Equine degenerate myeloencephalopathy (EDM)/ neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD)
  2. Equine lower motor neuron disease (EMND)
104
Q

What is normal vitamin
E level

A

> 2ug/ml

105
Q

What is marginal vitamin E deficiency value

A

1.5-2ug/ml

106
Q

What is deficient vitamin E level

A

1.5ug/ml

107
Q

What are some clinical signs of EDM and NAD

A

Symmetric ataxia and paresis of trunk and limbs

108
Q

What are some clinical signs of EMND

A

Trembling in antigravity muscles, sweating, recumbent, pedestal stance, constantly shifting, no ataxia, elevated tail head

109
Q

What is the treatment for diseases caused by vitamin E deficiency

A

5000 IU natural source vitamin E daily (RRR-alpha-tocopherol)

110
Q

What is white muscle disease (nutritional myodegeneration)

A

Acute myodegenerative disease of cardiac or skeletal muscle due to selenium deficiency

111
Q

What is treatment for white muscle disease

A

Selenium supplementation

112
Q

What is the ideal diet for insulin dysregulation/equine metabolic syndrome

A

water soluble carbohydrates +starch= structural carbohydrates <10% ideal

113
Q

What causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Horses fed diets low in calcium, high in phosphorus

114
Q

What happens in nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive PO4/low Ca2+ diet reduces intestinal Ca2+ absorption and results in hyperphosphatemia

Facial bone loss with excessive accumulation of subperiosteal unmineralized connective tissue resulting in facial enlargement

115
Q

How do you treat nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Maintain normal serum calcium, ratio should be Ca:PO4 is 2:1

116
Q

What is the pathogenesis of grain overload

A

Ingestion of large amount of carbs overwhelms the small intestine and enters the cecum/colon

Results in rapid fermentation by gram positive lactic acid productive bacteria and decreases cecal pH

Large number of gram negative bacteria die releasing endotoxin resulting in ileus

117
Q

What are some clinical signs of grain overload

A

Colic, abdominal distention, laminitis, trembling, sweating, diarrhea, toxic membranes, tachycardia, and gastric reflux/ileus

118
Q

What is the cause of osteochondrosis dissecans

A
  1. Found in young horses that have rapid growth and failure of endochondral ossification
  2. Nutrition: diets very high in energy or have an imbalance in trace minerals (low copper diets)
  3. Inherited predisposition
119
Q

What is the treatment for osteochondrosis dissecans

A

Feed a complete diet low in carbs, remove the chip

120
Q

What is the pathophysiology of HYPP

A

Repetitive depolarization of muscle cells due to faulty pump

121
Q

What are some clinical signs of HYPP

A

Fasciculations, prolapsed third eyelid, tetanic contractions, recumbent, stretorous breathing, death from respiratory failure

122
Q

What is the treatment for HYPP

A

Limit daily intake of potassium to <1% of diet

123
Q

What is the largest source of potassium in horse diet

A

Hay up to 3%

124
Q

What food would be ideal for HYPP horse

A

Grain, because has <0.5% K+ and grain also releases insulin which facilitates K+ uptake into cells

125
Q

What is the pathophysiology of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)

A

Single base pair mutation in the GYS1 gene, resulting in large stores of abnormal glycogen

126
Q

How do you manage PSSM

A

Low carb diet <14%, high fat diet (6%), daily exercise (enhances glucose utilization, improves energy metabolism in skeletal muscle)

127
Q

Myth or fact: alfalfas high protein causes kidney problems

A

Myth

128
Q

Myth or fact: High protein is not harmful to kidneys, however extra protein is metabolized to ammonia which must be excreted by kidneys. To handle this extra demand horses will drink more water and make more urine

A

Fact

129
Q

Myth of fact: alfalfa high protein makes a horse hot

A

Myth

130
Q

Myth or fact: For reasons that are not clear, some horses are more energetic when being fed alfalfa but it isn’t the protein

A

Fact

Equine Medicine and Surgery (9 decks)

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